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1 Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Hirosaki University,
Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
2 Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Tottori University, Minami
4-101, Koyama, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553 Japan
3 National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-0005, Japan
*
Correspondence: Kazuaki Tanaka,
k-tanaka{at}cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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 TOP Abstract INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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(TEF), and β-tubulin (BT), were also conducted. Monophyly of the family
and that of each genus were strongly supported by analyses based on a combined
dataset of the three regions (ITS+TEF+BT). Our results also suggest that
Tetraplosphaeria (anamorph: Tetraploa s. str.) is an
ancestral lineage within this family. Taxonomic placement of the bambusicolous
fungi in Astrosphaeriella, Kalmusia, Katumotoa, Massarina,
Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Roussoella, Roussoellopsis, and
Versicolorisporium, are also discussed based on the SSU+LSU
phylogeny. Taxonomic novelties: Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., fam. nov., Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov., Tetraplosphaeria nagasakiensis Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov., Tetraplosphaeria sasicola Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov., Tetraplosphaeria tetraploa (Scheuer) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov., Tetraplosphaeria yakushimensis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Hosoya, sp. nov., Triplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov., Triplosphaeria acuta Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov., Triplosphaeria cylindrica Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., nom. nov., Triplosphaeria maxima Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov., Triplosphaeria yezoensis (I. Hino & Katum.) Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Shirouzu, comb. nov., Polyplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov., Polyplosphaeria fusca Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov., Pseudotetraploa Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov., Pseudotetraploa curviappendiculata (Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov., Pseudotetraploa javanica (Rifai, Zainuddin & Cholil) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov., Pseudotetraploa longissima (Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov., Quadricrura Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Sat. Hatak., gen. nov., Quadricrura bicornis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & H. Yonez., sp. nov., Quadricrura meridionalis Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov., Quadricrura septentrionalis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Sat. Hatak., sp. nov.
Keywords Anamorphic fungi / Bambusoideae / bitunicate ascomycetes / Didymella / Dothideomycetes / evolution / Lophiostoma / teleomorph
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPAbstractINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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In addition to studies on economically important bambusicolous pathogenic fungi, such as Ceratosphaeria phyllostachydis and Stereostratum corticioides (Hyde et al. 2002b), a large number of studies on saprobic (Hyde et al. 2001, 2002c, Zhou & Hyde 2002) and endophytic fungi (Morakotkarn et al. 2007, 2008, Tanaka & Tanaka 2008, Tanaka et al. 2008) have also been conducted due to the diversity of fungal species on bamboo. According to Hyde et al. (2002b), more than 1 100 fungal species have been described or recorded worldwide from bamboo. In Japan, ca. 300 fungi are known from bamboo (Tanaka & Harada 2004), of which ca. 60 spp. belong to Dothideomycetes (Anonymous 2000). This number suggests that bamboo is a promising substrate for the study of Dothideomycetes diversity. Several Dothideomycetes with peculiar taxonomic features such as Shiraia (Amano 1983) and Katumotoa (Tanaka & Harada 2005b) have been reported from bamboo. However, phylogenetic information based on molecular data is poorly known for many bambusicolous fungi.
In our ongoing study of bambusicolous fungi in Japan (Shirouzu & Harada 2004, Tanaka & Harada 2004, 2005a, b, Tanaka et al. 2005, Hatakeyama et al. 2005, 2008, Sato et al. 2008), we encountered many undescribed Dothideomycetes resembling the genus Massarina. These fungi produced Tetraploa-like anamorphs in culture. The teleomorph-anamorph connection between Massarina and Tetraploa has been elucidated based only on one example of M. tetraploa and T. aristata on Carex (Scheuer 1991), but the molecular phylogenetic position of this species remains uncertain at the familial/generic level.
Massarina is a taxonomically heterogenous genus in the order Pleosporales, because Massarina s. l. contains many phylogenetically unrelated elements. Attempts to revise the genus have been undertaken by several authors (Bose 1961, Barr 1992, Aptroot 1998). In particular, Aptroot (1998) carried out taxonomic re-assessment of 160 species that had been placed in this genus previously and amended the generic concept of Masssarina by accepting 43 species in the genus. Nevertheless, this study also pointed out that Massarina appears to be polyphyletic, because members of this genus have diverse anamorphs, like Tetraploa, Periconia, Tumularia, Ceratophoma, and others. Regarding this problem, Aptroot (1998) noted that the species accepted in Massarina may not form a monophyletic group; however, on the basis of morphological characteristics, no clear subdivision could be made. He further pointed out the need for examining the molecular and ultrastructural characteristics to gain a better understanding of the genus.
The current taxonomic concept of Massarina has been extensively amended based on its DNA sequence data (Liew et al. 2002, Belliveau & Bärlocher 2005, Kodsueb et al. 2007, Wang et al. 2007, Zhang et al. 2009b). Liew et al. (2002) revealed that five species of Massarina (e.g. M. corticola) possessing narrowly fusiform ascospores belong to the genus Lophiostoma, which is morphologically similar to Massarina, based on phylogenetic analyses of SSU and ITS sequences of nrDNA. They further suggested that other Massarina species with ascospores of similar morphology might have affinity with Lophiostoma (Liew et al. 2002). Following this suggestion, Hyde et al. (2002a) transferred 26 species of Massarina to Lophiostoma primarily based on their ascospore morphology. Massarina tetraploa, which produces the Tetraploa anamorph, was also transferred to Lophiostoma (Hyde et al. 2002a).
The phylogenetic position or the relationships of bambusicolous species
with fungi from non-bamboo host plants have not been established. In this
paper, phylogenetic analyses using 53 isolates of bambusicolous
Dothideomycetes were carried out based on a combined dataset of small
and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU+LSU), to infer their familial
placement. These analyses include species placed in Astrosphaeriella,
Kalmusia, Katumotoa, Massarina, Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Roussoella,
Roussoellopsis, and Versicolorisporium. Special emphasis was
paid to the taxonomy and phylogeny of Massarina s. l., which possess
Tetraploa-like hyphomycetous anamorphs. In order to assess their
validity at familial, generic and specific levels, phylogeny of 29 isolates
were analysed on the basis of their sequences from ITS-5.8S nrDNA (ITS),
transcription elongation factor 1- (TEF) and β-tubulin (BT), as
well as SSU+LSU. We propose here a new family Tetraplosphaeriaceae to
encompass five new genera, Tetraplosphaeria, Triplosphaeria,
Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa and Quadricrura. Fifteen new
taxa in these genera are also described and illustrated.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPAbstractINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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Single ascospore cultures were obtained according to the methods of Tubaki (1978). Growth rate and colony characteristics were recorded from cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA, Difco) within 3 wk at 25 °C in the dark. Colours were designated according to Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). Induction of anamorph/teleomorph formation was attempted by culturing the isolates on rice straw agar (RSA; Tanaka & Harada 2003a) and/or incubating small colony pieces in sterilised water (Scheuer 1991, Hatakeyama et al. 2005). Fungal cultures newly obtained in this study were deposited at the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; CBS), the Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan (MAFF), and the National Biological Resources Center, Japan (NBRC) (Table 1).
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DNA extraction and amplification
Mycelia were grown in malt extract broth (20 g malt extract, 1 000 mL
distilled water). DNA from mycelia was extracted using the ISOPLANT Kit
(Nippon Gene, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Partial SSU
(ca. 1 000–1 300 bp of the 5' end) and LSU nrDNA (ca.
1 250 bp of the 5' end) regions were determined for 53 isolates mostly
obtained from bamboo to reveal their familial or generic positions; and
complete internally transcribed spacers (ITS) region of nrDNA (ca.
500 bp), the intron sequence of the TEF gene (ca. 300 bp), and exons
1 to 6 with the respective introns of the BT gene (ca. 600 bp) were
sequenced for 31 isolates to confirm their generic or species validities
(Table 1). These regions were
amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pairs
NS1–NS4 (White et al.
1990) and LR0R–LR7
(Rehner & Samuels 1994)
for SSU and LSU, respectively. Three primer sets, ITS1–ITS4
(White et al. 1990),
EF1-728F–EF1-986R (Carbone &
Kohn 1999), and T1–BT2B
(Glass & Donaldson 1995,
O'Donnell & Cigelnik 1997)
were used for the amplification of ITS, TEF and BT, respectively.
Amplifications were conducted in 25 µL of PCR mixtures containing 1 µM
of each primer, 0.125 U TaKaRa Ex Taq polymerase (TaKaRa Bio, Otsu,
Japan), dNTP mixture (2.5 mM each stock), and Ex Taq reaction buffer
(containing 2 mM Mg2+). PCR was carried out as follows: initial
denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min; 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C
for 1 min; annealing for 1 min at 48.8 °C for SSU nrDNA, 46.2 °C for
LSU nrDNA, 61.5 °C for ITS, 57.2 °C for TEF, and 60 °C for BT; an
extension at 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 7
min. The size of PCR products were verified using 7.5 % poly-acrylamide gels
stained with ethidium bromide, and then sequenced directly at SORGENT Co.,
Ltd. (Korea).
Phylogenetic analyses
Preliminary multiple alignments of sequences were conducted using MAFFT v.
6 (Katoh et al. 2005;
http://align.bmr.kyushu-u.ac.jp/mafft/software).
Final alignments were manually adjusted using BioEdit v. 7.08
(Hall 1999). Alignment gaps
and ambiguous positions were excluded from the analyses. Alignments used in
this study were deposited in TreeBASE (S2505).
Two phylogenetic analyses, maximum-parsimony (MP) using a close-neighbour-interchange heuristic search with an initial tree by random addition sequence (100 replicates) and neighbour-joining (NJ) based on the Kimura 2-parameter substitution model, were carried out using MEGA v. 4 (Tamura et al. 2007). Characters were weighted equally and gaps were excluded. The bootstrap support (BS) values for nodes were computed from 1 000 replicates for both the MP and NJ analyses. In addition to these analyses, Bayesian analyses were done using MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003). MrModeltest v. 2.2 (Nylander 2004) in conjunction with PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) was used to select substitution models for Bayesian analyses. On the basis of AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) of MrModeltest v. 2.2, a GTR+I+G model for the SSU+LSU nrDNA, ITS and BT, and a HKY+I+G model for TEF gene sequences were applied. Two runs with 10 chains of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations were performed for 6 million and 1.2 million generations, keeping one tree every 100 generations, for a combined alignment of the SSU+LSU nrDNA sequences and the ITS+TEF+BT gene sequences, respectively. The first 5 million generations of the SSU + LSU and 200 000 generations of the ITS+TEF+BT were discarded as burn-in, and the remaining 20 002 trees were used to calculate 50 % majority rule trees and to determine the posterior probabilities (PP) for the individual branches.
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RESULTS |
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TOPAbstractINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., fam. nov. MycoBank MB515253.
Etymology: In reference to the name of the type genus.
Ascomata immersa vel superficialia, globosa vel subglobosa. Rostrum breviter papillatum vel cylindricum, interdum nullum. Pseudoparaphyses septatae, ramificantes. Asci fissitunicati, cylindrici vel clavati, octospori. Ascosporae anguste fusiformes vel late cylindricae, 1–3-septatae, hyalinae vel brunneae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu lato. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia brunnea, cum plus quam 3–8 appendicibus.
Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, glabrous or with brown hyphae. Beak short-papillate to cylindrical or absent, central. Ascomatal wall composed of hyaline to brown cells, sometimes with rim-like structure at the sides and poorly developed at the base. Pseudoparaphyses cellular or trabeculae, septate, branched. Asci fissitunicate, basal to somewhat lateral, cylindrical to clavate, short-stalked, with 8 ascospores. Ascospores narrowly fusiform to broadly cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 1–3-septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, surrounded by an entire mucilaginous sheath or narrow appendage-like sheath. Anamorph Tetraploa-like. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia composed of 3–8 columns or internal hyphal structure, brown, mostly verrucose at the base, with more than 3–8 setose appendages.
Type genus: Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov.
Notes: Tetraplosphaeriaceae fits well in the Pleosporales on morphological grounds, but there is no suitable family to accommodate it in this order. The most common diagnostic features of this family are Massarina-like teleomorphs with almost hyaline 1(–3)-septate ascospores and/or Tetraploa-like anamorphs with several setose appendages.
Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov. MycoBank MB515254.
Anamorph: Tetraploa Berk. & Broome.
Etymology: In reference to the anamorphic state belonging to Tetraploa.
Ascomata immersa vel erumpentia, globosa vel subglobosa. Rostrum breviter papillatum vel cylindricum. Pseudoparaphyses septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci fissitunicati, cylindrici vel clavati, octospori. Ascosporae anguste fusiformes, 1-septatae, hyalinae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu stricto. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia breviter cylindricae vel obpyriformes, brunnea, cum 4 appendicibus.
Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, glabrous. Beak short-papillate to cylindrical, central, with periphyses. Ascomatal wall composed of nearly rectangular to polygonal thin-walled cells, sometimes poorly developed at the base. Pseudoparaphyses cellular, septate, branched. Asci fissitunicate, basal to somewhat lateral, cylindrical to clavate, short-stalked, with 8 ascospores. Ascospores narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with a septum and slightly constricted, hyaline, smooth, surrounded by a narrow mucilaginous appendage-like sheath. Anamorph Tetraploa s. str. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia composed of 4 columns, short-cylindrical, brown, verrucose at the base, euseptate, with 4 setose appendages at the apex.
Type species: Tetraplosphaeria sasicola Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov.
Notes: A new genus Tetraplosphaeria is erected to accommodate four pleosporalean species having Massarina/Lophiostoma-like teleomorphs and anamorphs belonging to Tetraploa s. str. These species do not have clypeate stromata around the ascomatal beak similar to the type species of Massarina (M. eburnea; Hyde 1995). Some species in Tetraplosphaeria have a well-developed beak similar to Lophiostoma species, but they do not have slit-like ostioles which is a characteristic feature of Lophiostoma (Holm & Holm 1988, Tanaka & Harada 2003a, Tanaka & Hosoya 2008).
Tetraplosphaeria nagasakiensis Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515259. Fig. 1.
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Etymology: In reference to the collection site.
Ascomata 260–330 x 290–350 µm, immersa vel erumpentia, globosa vel subglobosa. Rostrum 75–150 x 85–110 µm, ostiolatum. Paries ascomatis 17–30 µm crassus ad latus, ex cellulis 5–6-stratis 5–13 x 2.5–5 µm compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1–3 µm latae, septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci (82–)86–105(–110) x 10.5–13.5 µm, fissitunicati, cylindrici vel clavati, octospori. Ascosporae (27–)29–35(–37) x 3.5–6 µm, anguste fusiformes, 1-septatae, hyalinae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu stricto. Conidia in vitro (28–)32.5–42(–43) x 20–33 µm, brunnea, cum 4 appendicibus; appendices (70–)95–225(–263) µm longae, 3–13-septatae.
Ascomata 260–330 µm high, 290–350 µm diam, scattered to gregarious, immersed in sheath or erumpent from bare culm, globose to subglobose, with sparse brown hyphae at sides. Beak 75–150 µm long, 85–110 µm diam, central, papillate to cylindrical, composed of dark brown, thick-walled cells, with numerous periphyses. Ascomatal wall at sides 17–30 µm thick, composed of 5–6 layers of rectanglar to polygonal brown cells of 5–13 x 2.5–5 µm, at the base 5–7.5 µm thick, composed of globose to polygonal cells of 2.5–7.5 µm diam. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, 1–3 µm thick, branched and anastomosed, with slime coating. Asci (82–)86–105(–110) x 10.5–13.5 µm (av. 95.4 x 11.9 µm, n = 50), fissitunicate, numerous, basal to somewhat lateral, clavate to cylindrical, short-stalked (ca. 10–20 µm long), 8-spored. Ascospores (27–)29–35(–37) x 3.5–6 µm (av. 32 x 4.4 µm, n = 100), L/W 5.9–8.5 (av. 7.3, n = 100), narrowly fusiform with acute ends, slightly curved, with a septum nearly median (0.48–0.52; av. 0.50, n = 100), hyaline, smooth, with bipolar elongated sheath of 1–3 µm long at both ends (but in india ink, an entire sheath 13–18 µm thick at sides is observed).
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining a diam of 1.1–1.2 cm, dull-green (28E4; Kornerup & Wanscher 1978); reverse almost black; no pigment produced. On RSA both teleomorphic and anamorphic states are produced. Ascospores are slightly smaller than those on the host, measuring 29–32 x 5 µm. Anamorph is Tetraploa aristata s. l. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia produced directly on the mycelium, solitary, short cylindrical, brown, clearly verruculose, (28–)32.5–42(–43) x 20–33 µm (av. 37.4 x 27.2 µm, n = 30), L/W 1.2–1.7 (av. 1.4, n = 30), 5–6-celled, composed of 4 columns and 4 setose appendages. Appendages (70–)95–225(–263) µm long (av. 161.2 µm, n = 100), 2–3 µm wide at the apex, 5.5–8 µm at the base, with 3–13-septa at 10 to 25 µm intervals.
Specimen examined: Japan, Nagasaki, Nagayo, Nagasaki Siebold University, on culms of bamboo, 30 May 2004, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 29378 holotype designated here, living culture KTC 1682 (= JCM 13168 = MAFF 239678).
Notes: This species is most similar to Tetraplosphaeria yakushimensis in having ascospores overlapping in size, but T. nagasakiensis differs from the latter in the dimension of conidia and the length of conidial appendages. The Tetraploa state of T. nagasakiensis shares some features with Tetraploa aristata (Berkeley & Broome 1850, Ellis 1949), but has larger conidia (av. 37.4 x 27.2 µm vs. 31.8 x 20.6 µm) and considerably longer conidial appendages (av. 161.2 µm vs. 36 µm).
Tetraplosphaeria sasicola Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515260. Fig. 2.
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Etymology: In reference to the host plant of collection.
Ascomata 150–200 x 230–290 µm, immersa vel erumpentia, globosa vel subglobosa. Rostrum 30–40 x 50–55 µm, ostiolatum. Paries ascomatis 12–20 µm crassus ad latus, ex cellulis 3–6-stratis 7–13 x 2–5 µm compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1.5–2.5 µm latae, septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci (61–)65–89(–100) x 9–11(–13) µm, fissitunicati, clavati vel cylindrici, octospori. Ascosporae 22.5–31.5(–34) x 3–5 µm, anguste fusiformes, 1-septatae, hyalinae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu stricto. Conidia in vitro (32–)35–50(–52.5) x 20–30 µm, brunnea, cum 4 appendicibus; appendices (88–)113–190(–200) µm longae, 9–15-septatae.
Ascomata 150–200 µm high, 230–290 µm diam, scattered, immersed below the epidermis, later erumpent, globose to subglobose with a flattened base, glabrous. Beak short-papillate, 30–40 µm high, 50–55 µm diam, central, composed of globose to polygonal dark brown thick-walled cells of 3–6 µm diam, with sparse short periphyses. Ascomatal wall 12–20 µm thick at sides, composed of 3–6 layers of rectangular to polygonal hyaline to pale brown cells of 7–13 x 2–5 µm; at the base much thinner, of compressed small hyaline cells. Pseudoparaphyses cellular, numerous, 1.5–2.5 µm thick, septate, branched. Asci (61–)65–89(–100) x 9–11(–13) µm (av. 76.6 x 9.9 µm, n = 50), fissitunicate, numerous, basal to somewhat lateral, clavate to cylindrical, short-stalked (ca. 5–15 µm long), with 8 ascospores triseriate to biseriate above and uniseriate below. Ascospores 22.5–31.5(–34) x 3–5 µm (av. 26.8 x 3.7 µm, n = 80), L/W 6.4–8.3 (av. 7.2, n = 80), narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with a submedian (0.49–0.54; av. 0.51, n = 51) septum and slightly constricted, hyaline, smooth, surrounded by a narrow mucilaginous sheath, 2–6 µm long at the apex, 1–3 µm long at the base, slightly wider at sides of septum. Senescent spores pale brown.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 3.5–4 cm diam, velvety in appearance, grey (7C1), with entire margin; reverse pompeian-red (9C7), and coral (9B7) pigment produced. On RSA, Tetraploa state similar to T. ellisii is formed on the surface of rice straw within 2 mo. Conidia produced directly on the mycelium, solitary, short cylindrical, brown, slightly verruculose, (32–)35–50(–52.5) x 20–30 µm (av. 41.2 x 26 µm, n = 43), L/W 1.3–1.9 (av. 1.6, n = 42), composed of 4 columns. The columns 12.5–15(–19.5) µm diam, 5–6-celled. Setose appendages 4, brown, (88–)113–190(–200) µm long (av. 142.9 µm, n = 21), 2–4 µm wide at the apex, with 9–15-septa at 10 to 20 µm intervals. After the conidial state is formed, the ascomatal state is soon found. Asci 66–107 x 8–11 µm (av. 84.5 x 9.9 µm, n = 36). Ascospores similar in appearance to those on the host, but slightly larger, measuring 25–35 x 3.5–5.5 µm (av. 29.8 x 4.5 µm, n = 75), L/W 5.9–7.5 (av. 6.6, n = 75), with a mid-septum submedian (0.50–0.53; av. 0.51, n = 55).
Specimen examined: Japan, Hokkaido, Yoichi, Sawamachi (140°46'E, 43°11'N), on culms of Sasa senanensis, 7 July 2001, K. Tanaka, HHUF 27566 holotype designated here, living culture KTC 563 (= JCM 13167 = MAFF 239677).
Notes: This species is characterised by the smallest asci and ascospores. The conidial morphology of this species resembles that of Tetraploa ellisii, but the latter species has more slender conidia (30–51 x 15–26 µm, L/W 1.9; Ellis 1949).
Tetraplosphaeria tetraploa (Scheuer) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov. MycoBank MB515261. Fig. 3.
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Lophiostoma tetraploa (Scheuer) Aptroot & K.D. Hyde,
in Hyde, Wong & Aptroot, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. (Hong Kong) 7: 108.
2002. Anamorph: Tetraploa aristata s. l.
Ascomata 180–200 µm high, 150–280 µm diam, scattered, immersed, globose to somewhat pyriform, glabrous to sometimes covered with sparse brown hyphae at sides. Beak 50–80(–100) µm long, 50–75 µm diam, central, papillate to short cylindrical, composed of subglobose to polygonal cells, with hyaline periphyses. Ascomatal wall uniformly 6–12 µm thick, composed of 3–4 layers of polygonal brown cells (3.5–12.5 x 2.5–5 µm). Pseudoparaphyses cellular, 1.5–2.5 µm wide, branched and anastomosed, with septa at 8 to 15 µm intervals. Asci (90–)95–128(–140) x 13–16(–19) µm (av. 109.4 x 14.2 µm, n = 50), numerous, basal, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short stipe of 5–15 µm long, with 8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores (29–)32–41.5(–43) x 4–6(–7) µm (av. 37 x 5.2 µm, n = 50), L/W 6.4–8.1 (av. 7.1, n = 50), narrowly fusiform with acute ends, slightly curved, with a septum supramedian (0.44–0.49; av. 0.47, n = 45) and constricted, hyaline, smooth, with a sheath; sheath entire, narrow, 2–4 µm long at both ends, 1–1.5 µm thick at upper of the septum.
Culture characteristics: Not examined. According to Scheuer (1991) this fungus produces Tetraploa aristata as anamorph. The anamorph on the dried culture specimen (GZU 32-91) examined in this study is as follows: Conidia 30–33 x 23–25 µm (av. 30.8 x 23.3 µm, n = 6), L/W = 1.3, solitaly, short cylindrical, pale brown, verrucose, consist of 4 columns of 10–13 µm wide, 4-celled. Appendages 263–350 µm long (av. 295.8 µm, n = 6), 10–13 µm thick at the base, 2–3 µm at the apex, 17–22-septate, pale brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex, smooth, unbranched, straight.
Specimens examined: U.K., England, Exeter, Exminster marshes, on leaves of Carex acutiformis, 13 Nov. 1988, Ch. Scheuer, GZU 36-91 holotype of Massarina tetraploa; Dried culture specimen of conidial state grown on malt extract agar (derived from ex-type culture), GZU 32-91.
Notes: This species was originally described as a species of Massarina (Scheuer 1991), but later was transferred to the genus Lophiostoma (Hyde et al. 2002a). The original strain isolated by Scheuer (1991) from the holotype of Massarina tetraploa is no longer preserved (Scheuer, pers. comm.). There is one strain that is deposited as M. tetraploa in CBS (CBS 101683), but it is considered as a misidentified material because it produced a Phaeosphaeria-like teleomorph having 39–49 x 5.5–6.5 µm, yellowish, 3-septate ascospores on RSA. Therefore, M. tetraploa was not included in phylogenetic analyses in this study. However, morphological evidence obtained from the holotype and the dried culture specimen (anamorphic state) of M. tetraploa clearly indicates that it belongs to Tetraplosphaeria. This species can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the large-sized asci and ascospores. The anamorph of this species has been reported as Tetraploa aristata (Scheuer 1991), but the presence of several T. aristata-like anamorphs with sequence differences revealed in this study suggest that redefinition of T. aristata along with molecular evidence would be required for this anamorphic species.
Tetraplosphaeria yakushimensis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Hosoya, sp. nov. MycoBank MB515262. Fig. 4.
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Etymology: In reference to the collection site.
Ascomata 135–180 x 150–250 µm, immersa, subglobosa. Rostrum 50 x 55–65 µm, ostiolatum. Paries ascomatis 15–20 µm crassus ad latus, ex cellulis 4–6-stratis 5–15 x 2.5–4 µm compositus. Pseudoparaphyses septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci 85–110 x 10.5–13 µm, fissitunicati, clavati vel cylindrici, octospori. Ascosporae 26.5–36.5 x 4–6 µm, anguste fusiformes, 1-septatae, hyalinae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu stricto. Conidia in vitro 25–37(–40) x 20–30 µm, brunnea, cum 4 appendicibus; appendices (52–)62–142(–150) µm longae, 3–8-septatae.
Ascomata 135–180 µm high, 150–250 µm diam, scattered, immersed below the epidermis, subglobose, glabrous. Beak short-papillate, ca. 50 µm high, 55–65 µm diam, central, Ascomatal wall 15–20 µm thick at sides, composed of 4–6 layers of rectangular to polygonal hyaline to pale brown cells of 5–15 x 2.5–4 µm; at the base 10–20 µm thick. Pseudoparaphyses cellular, numerous, 1.5–4 µm wide, septate, branched, anastomosed. Asci 85–110 x 10.5–13 µm (av. 99.3 x 11.8 µm, n = 20), fissitunicate, numerous, basal and lateral, clavate to cylindrical, short-stalked (ca. 5–10 µm long), with 8 ascospores biseriate above and uniseriate below. Ascospores 26.5–36.5 x 4–6 µm (av. 30.6 x 4.5 µm, n = 31), L/W 5.1–8.3 (av. 6.9, n = 31), narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with a nearly median (0.47–0.51; av. 0.49, n = 30) septum and slightly constricted, hyaline, smooth, with a mucilaginous sheath. Sheath 3–10 µm long at the ends, 1–2 µm wide at the sides.
Culture characteristics: On RSA, both teleomorphic and anamorphic states are produced. Ascospores are similar to those on the host, measuring 29–37 x 4–5.5 µm (av. 32 x 4.7 µm, n = 20). Anamorph is Tetraploa aristata s. l. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia produced directly on the mycelium, solitary, short cylindrical, brown, verruculose, 25–37(–40) x 20–30 µm (av. 31.4 x 24.9 µm, n = 50), L/W 1.1–1.5 (av. 1.3, n = 50), 4-celled, composed of 4 columns and 4 setose appendages. Appendages (52–)62–142(–150) µm long (av. 96.2 µm, n = 60), 2–3 µm wide at the apex, 7–8 µm at the base, with 3–8-septa at 8 to 16 µm intervals.
Specimen examined: Japan, Kagoshima, Isl. Yakushima, near the mouth of Kurio-river, on culms of Arundo donax, 20 Oct. 2005, K. Tanaka & T. Hosoya, HHUF29652 holotype designated here (isotype TNS-F-12442), living culture KTC 1906 (= CBS 125435).
Notes: In terms of ascus and ascospore morphology, this species is quite close to Tetraplosphaeria nagasakiensis, but it is distinct from the latter in its conidial morphology. Tetraplosphaeria yakushimensis and Tetraploa aristata (CBS 996.70), both collected from non-bamboo species (Arundo donax and Alpinia formosa, respectively), clustered together (see phylogenetic section). Morphological comparison of these two strains could not be made, because the strain CBS 996.70 did not sporulate in any of the culture methods used. Sequence differences between the strains (e.g. 24/459 nucleotides in ITS) also suggest that they are different species.
Tetraploa sp. 1 (T. aristata s. l.). Fig. 5A–D.
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Conidia short cylindrical, brown, verruculose, 26–31.5(–35) x 17.5–24 µm (av. 29.4 x 20.8 µm, n = 20), L/W 1.2–1.9, 3–5-celled, with 4 setose appendages of 100–175 µm long (av. 136.7 µm, n = 20).
Specimen examined: Japan, Kagoshima, Nagayo, Nagasaki Siebold University (129°52.4'E, 32°48.2'N), on culms of bamboo, 30 May 2004, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 29625, living culture KTC 1684 (= JCM 14424).
Notes: This species is most similar to anamorphs of Tetraplosphaeria tetraploa and Tetraplosphaeria yakushimensis, but has more slender conidia. The conidial morphologies of these three species match well with the description of Tetraploa aristata provided by Ellis (1949), but they may not be conspecific as discussed later.
Tetraploa sp. 2 (T. ellisii s. l.). Fig. 5E–H.
Teleomorph: unknown.
Conidia short cylindrical, broader at the base, brown, verruculose, 38–50 x 22–33 µm (av. 43.1 x 27.9 µm, n = 20), L/W 1.3–1.8, 4–5-celled, with 4 setose appendages of 142–330 µm long (av. 232 µm, n = 30).
Specimen examined: Japan, Okinawa, Isl. Iriomote, near Oomijya river, on culms of gramineae, 22 Nov. 2008, K. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, HHUF 30027, living culture KTC 2578 (= NBRC 106251).
Notes: This fungus has relatively large-sized conidia as compared with those of other Tetraploa species examined in this study. It is close to Tetraploa ellisii that was reported by Ellis (1949) and the anamorph of Tetraplosphaeria sasicola in terms of conidial dimension, but differs from the latter in having longer appendages.
Triplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov. MycoBank MB515255.
Anamorph: Undescribed Tetraploa-like state having conidia with three setose appendages.
Etymology: In reference to the anamorphic state of Tetraploa-like conidia with three setose appendages.
Ascomata immersa, subglobosa. Rostrum nullum vel breve. Pseudoparaphyses septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci fissitunicati, cylindrici vel clavati, octospori. Ascosporae anguste fusiformes vel late fusiformis, 1-septatae, hyalinae vel pallide brunneae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu lato. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia ovata vel obpyriformis, brunnea, cum 3 appendicibus.
Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed below the epidermis, subglobose, with single locule, glabrous. Beak none to short, with hyaline sparse periphyses. Ascomatal wall rim-like at sides, composed of vertically orientated rectangular to cylindrical hyaline hyphoid cells, flattened and poorly developed at the base. Pseudoparaphyses narrowly cellular, numerous, branched and anastomosed, septate. Asci fissitunicate, basal and lateral, cylindrical to clavate, rounded at the apex, short-stalked, with 8 ascospores. Ascospores narrowly fusiform to broadly fusiform with rounded ends, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth, with an entire sheath. Anamorph Tetraploa-like with 3 setose appendages. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia composed of 3 columns with pseudosepta, ovoid to obpyriform, brown, almost smooth, verrucose at the base, with 3 setose appendages at the apex.
Type species: Triplosphaeria maxima Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov.
Notes: A new genus Triplosphaeria is introduced here to place Massarina-like ascomycetes with Tetraploa-like anamorphs having three setose appendages. The ascomata of Triplosphaeria species are hemispherical with a flattened base and have rim-like regions composed of vertically oriented hyphoid cells at the side in longitudinal section. Morphology of anamorphs is superficially similar to that of Tetraploa, but conidia are composed of three columns and three setose appendages.
Triplosphaeria acuta Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515263. Fig. 6.
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Ascomata 135–230 x 540–750 µm, immersa, subglobosa. Rostrum nullum vel breve, ostiolatum. Paries ascomatis 85–180 µm crassus ad latus, ex cellulis 5–10 x 3.5–7.5 µm compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1–2 µm latae, ramificantes et anastomosantes, septatae. Asci (62–)73–106 x 11–15 µm, fissitunicati, cylindrici vel clavati, octospori. Ascosporae 25–35 x 4–6(–7) µm, anguste fusiformes, 1-septatae, hyalinae, strato mucoso 6–18 µm lato circumdatae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu lato. Conidia in vitro (25–)31–50(–65) x 14–22 µm, brunnea, cum 3 appendicibus; appendices (37–)44–120(–130) µm longae, 3–8-septatae.
Ascomata 135–230 µm high, 540–750 µm diam (including the rim), with single locule of 230–400 µm diam, scattered to gregarious, immersed below the epidermis, subglobose, glabrous. Beak none or short, with hyaline sparse periphyses, ostiolate, filled with tips of pseudoparaphyses. Ascomatal wall at sides, 85–180 µm wide and rim-like, composed of vertically orientated rectangular to subglobose hyaline hyphoid cells of 5–10 x 3.5–7.5 µm; near the epidermis, 25–38 µm thick, composed of polygonal to subglobose brown thick-walled cells of 3.5–10 µm diam; at the base flattened and poorly developed. Pseudoparaphyses narrowly cellular, numerous, 1–2 µm wide, guttulate, branched and anastomosed, septate, with slime coating. Asci (62–)73–106 x 11–15 µm (av. 86.1 x 12.6 µm, n = 50), fissitunicate, numerous, basal and somewhat lateral, cylindrical to clavate, rounded at the apex, short-stalked (5–15 µm long), with 8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores 25–35 x 4–6(–7) µm (av. 29.6 x 5.5 µm, n = 126), L/W 4.8–6.2 (av. 5.5, n = 126), narrowly fusiform with acute ends, mostly curved, with a septum usually submedian (0.49–0.53; av. 0.51, n = 113) and constricted, hyaline, smooth, with an inconspicuous entire sheath of 6–18 µm wide.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 3–3.1 cm diam, velvety in appearance, dark green (30F4) with greyish green (25D6) entire margin (2 mm); reverse similar; no pigment produced. On RSA, Tetraploa-like anamorph having 3 appendages is found. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia consist of one conidial body and 3 or rarely 4 appendages, solitary. Conidial body (25–)31–50(–65) x 14–22 µm (av. 40.9 x 17.2 µm, n = 92), L/W = 1.8–3.3 (av. 2.4, n = 92), 3–4-pseudoseptate, pale brown, smooth, narrowly ovate or ovate. Setose appendages (37–) 44–120(–130) µm long (av. 90.3 µm, n = 70), 3–5 µm thick at the base, 2–3 µm at the apex, 3–8-septate, pale brown at the base and almost hyaline apex, smooth, unbranched, straight.
Specimens examined: Japan, Hokkaido, Akkeshi, Ariake, Small stream (144°52.0'E, 43°01.2'N), on submerged culms of bamboo (Sasa nipponica?), 3 June 2003, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 29387 holotype designated here, living culture KTC 1170 (= JCM 13171 = MAFF 239681); Hokkaido, Akkeshi, Ootakita, Sattebetsu-river (144°49.0'E, 43°08.1'N), on submerged culms of bamboo (Sasa nipponica?), 3 June 2003, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, KT 1218 = HHUF 29388.
Note: This species is quite similar to Triplosphaeria yezoensis in its overall morphology, but has more slender ascospores with acute ends (L/W 5.5 vs. 4.4).
Triplosphaeria cylindrica Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., nom. nov. MycoBank MB515264. Fig. 7.
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Massarina yezoensis I. Hino & Katum., in Hino, Icon.
Fung. Bambus. Jpn.: 188. 1961. Ascomata 110–190 µm high, 450–1180 µm diam (including the rim), with single locule of 220–350 µm diam, scattered, immersed below the epidermis, subglobose, glabrous. Beak none to short, with hyaline, sparse periphyses, filled with tips of pseudoparaphyses. Ascomatal wall at sides, 100–350 µm wide and rim-like, composed of vertically orientated rectangular to cylindrical hyaline hyphoid cells of 5–15 x 2.5–5 µm; about 20 µm thick near the epidermis, composed of polygonal brown thick-walled cells of 3–10 µm diam; at the base flattened and poorly developed. Pseudoparaphyses narrowly cellular, numerous, 1–3 µm wide, guttulate, branched and anastomosed, septate. Asci (70–)80–126 x 14.5–21(–23.5) µm (av. 98.2 x 17.9 µm, n = 82), fissitunicate, numerous, basal and lateral, cylindrical to clavate, rounded at the apex, short-stalked (4–25 µm long), with 8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores (22–)25–31(–33) x 6–10 µm (av. 28.2 x 8 µm, n = 153), L/W 3.0–4.4 (av. 3.5, n = 153), broadly fusiform to cylindrical with rounded ends, with a septum submedian (0.50–0.56; av. 0.53, n = 143) and strongly constricted, hyaline, smooth, with an entire sheath of 7–20 µm thick.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 3.1 cm diam, velvety in appearance, brownish grey (6E2) with whitish entire margin of 2 mm; reverse similar to surface; no pigment produced. On RSA, a Tetraploa-like anamorph with 3 setose appendages is formed. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia consist of one conidial body and 3 long appendages, solitary. Conidial body 29.5–40 x 14–23.5 µm (av. 36.1 x 19.4 µm, n = 20), L/W = 1.4–2.3 (av. 1.9, n = 20), 2–4-pseudoseptate, pale brown, smooth, narrowly ovate or ovate. Setose appendages 33–120 µm long (av. 73.4 µm, n = 26), 4–4.5 µm thick at the base, 2–3 µm at the apex, 3–9-septate, pale brown at the base and almost hyaline apex, smooth, unbranched, straight.
Specimens examined: Japan, Hokkaido, Oiwaki, on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 16 Sept. 1956, I. Hino, YAM 21797 holotype of Massarina yezoensis; Aomori, Souma, Jinba-dake (1049m a.s.l.), 14 June 2003, Y. Harada, HHUF 29381, living culture KTC 1256 (= JCM 13169 = MAFF 239679); Aomori, Mt. Iwaki, 9 July 2005, K. Tanaka, HHUF 29626, living culture KTC 1800 (= JCM 14425); Hokkaido, Isl. Rishiri, Afutoromanai trail, 25 July 2008, K. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, HHUF 30028, living culture KTC 2550 (= NBRC 106247).
Notes: This species was originally described as Massarina yezoensis (Hino 1961), but is transferred to Triplosphaeria because of its hemispherical ascomata with a flattened base and rim-like side wall. The most distinctive feature of this species is the relatively wider ascospores (L/W 3.5) with rounded ends. A new name is introduced for this species because the epithet "yezoensis" has been applied for Triplosphaeria yezoensis [= Didymella yezoensis (Hino & Katumoto 1958)] in this study.
Triplosphaeria maxima Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515265. Fig. 8.
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Ascomata 250–300 x 900–1000 µm, immersa, globosa vel subglobosa. Rostrum nullum vel breve, ostiolatum. Paries ascomatis 170–270 µm crassus ad latus, ex cellulis 5–13 x 3.5–8 µm compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1–2.5 µm latae, ramificantes et anastomosantes, septatae. Asci 95–133 x 14.5–21 µm, fissitunicati, clavati vel cylindrici, octospori. Ascosporae (32.5–)34–45(–48.5) x (6–)7–9(–10) µm, anguste fusiformes, 1-septatae, hyalinae, strato mucoso 3–7 µm lato circumdatae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu lato. Conidia in vitro 41–55 x 17–23(–27.5) µm, brunnea, cum 3 appendicibus; appendices 12–66 µm longae, 1–6-septatae.
Ascomata 250–300 µm high, 900–1000 µm diam (including the rim), with single locule of 420–530 µm diam, scattered to sometimes clustered, immersed below the epidermis, globose to subglobose, glabrous. Beak none or short, with hyaline sparse periphyses-like hyphae, filled with pseudoparaphyses tips. Ascomatal wall at sides 170–270 µm wide and rim-like, composed of vertically orientated rectangular to polygonal 5–13 x 3.5–8 µm hyaline cells; near the epidermis composed of polygonal to subglobose brown cells of 3–10 µm diam; at the base flattened and poorly developed. Pseudoparaphyses narrowly cellular, numerous, 1–2.5 µm wide, guttulate, branched and anastomosed, with thin septa at 7 to 20 µm intervals. Asci 95–133 x 14.5–21 µm (av. 113 x 18 µm, n = 50), fissitunicate, numerous, basal and somewhat lateral, clavate to cylindrical, rounded at the apex, short-stalked (7–25 µm long), with (4–)8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores (32.5–)34–45(–48.5) x (6–)7–9(–10) µm (av. 38.9 x 7.9 µm, n = 120), L/W 4.2–5.9 (av. 5.0, n = 120), narrowly fusiform with acute ends, straight or slightly curved, 1-septate, submedian (0.50–0.54; av. 0.52, n = 94), constricted at the septum, hyaline, up to 4 guttules in each cell or without guttules, smooth, with an inconspicuous sheath of 3–7 µm wide.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 2.6–2.8 cm diam, velvety in appearance, olive (2E4), with whitish entire margin of 2 mm; reverse dark green (29F6); no pigment produced. On RSA, a Tetraploa-like anamorph with 3 setose appendages is formed. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia consist of a conidial body and 3 setose appendages, solitary. Conidial body 41–55 x 17–23(–27.5) µm (av. 48.3 x 19.3 µm, n = 61), L/W = 2.2–3.2 (av. 2.5, n = 61), 5–6-pseudoseptate, pale brown, smooth, narrowly ovate or ovate. Appendages 12–66 µm long (av. 27.4 µm, n = 65), 3–4 µm wide, 1–6-septate, pale brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex, smooth, unbranched, slightly curved.
Specimen examined: Japan, Aomori, Nishimeya, Ookawa, on culms of Sasa kurikensis, 23 July 2002, S. Hatakeyama, HHUF29330 holotype designated here, living culture KTC 870 (= JCM 13172 = MAFF 239682).
Note: This fungus is clearly distinguishable from other species of Triplosphaeria by its largest asci and ascospores.
Triplosphaeria yezoensis (I. Hino & Katum.) Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Shirouzu, comb. nov. MycoBank MB515266. Fig. 9.
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Ascomata 140–160 µm high, 450–550 µm diam (including the rim), with single locule of 240–330 µm diam, scattered to sometimes 2–3 grouped, immersed below the epidermis, subglobose, glabrous. Beak none or short, with hyaline sparse periphyses. Ascomatal wall at sides, 100–130 µm wide and rim-like, composed of vertically orientated, rectangular to subglobose, hyaline to pale brown, hyphoid cells of 5–15 x 5–7.5 µm; near the epidermis composed of polygonal to subglobose brown thick-walled cells of 2.5–7.5 µm diam; at the base flattened and poorly developed. Pseudoparaphyses narrowly cellular, numerous, 1–2 µm wide, guttulate, branched and anastomosed, septate, with slime coating. Asci (60–)72–119(–141) x 12–18.5 µm (av. 93.3 x 15.3 µm, n = 86), fissitunicate, numerous, basal and somewhat lateral, cylindrical to clavate, rounded at the apex, short-stalked (5–24 µm long), with 8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores (22.5–)26–32(–35) x 5–8 µm (av. 29.1 x 6.6 µm, n = 109), L/W 3.6–5.3 (av. 4.4, n = 109), narrowly fusiform with acute ends, mostly curved, with a septum usually submedian (0.50–0.55; av. 0.52, n = 109) and constricted, hyaline, smooth, with an inconspicuous entire sheath of 2–8 µm thick.
Culture characteristics: On RSA, a Tetraploa-like anamorph with 3 setose appendages is formed. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia consist of a conidial body and 3 setose appendages, solitary. Conidial body 30–40(–45) x (13–)15–22 µm (av. 34.4 x 18 µm, n = 30), L/W = 1.7–2.2 (av. 1.9, n = 30), 3–4-pseudoseptate, pale brown, smooth, narrowly ovate or ovate. Appendages (34–)40–75(–87) µm long (av. 51.6 µm, n = 40), 2.5–3 µm at the apex, 3–4.5 µm wide at the base, 2–9-septate, pale brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex, smooth, unbranched, slightly curved.
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Notes: Hino & Katumoto (1958) described this fungus as a species of Didymella, but the general characteristics of this fungus do not fit within the current concept of Didymella (Gruyter et al. 2009, Woudenberg et al. 2009). Due to the presence of hemispherical ascomata having rim-like side wall, and the morphology of the conidial state, it is transferred to the genus Triplosphaeria. This species is close to Triplosphaeria acuta, but differs from the latter in having relatively broader ascospores (L/W 5.5 vs. 4.4 µm) and slightly smaller conidia (av. 34.4 x 18 µm vs. 40.9 x 17.2 µm).
Triplosphaeria sp. (undescribed anamorphic state of Triplosphaeria sp.) Fig. 10.
Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia (26–)31.5–46 x 14–23 µm (av. 38.4 x 18 µm, n = 61), L/W 1.7–2.8 (av. 2.2, n = 61), brown, 3–5-pseudoseptate, with 3 setose appendages. Appendages 36–90 µm long (av. 54 µm, n = 86), 2–8-septate.
Culture characteristics: Conidia produced on RSA are considerably larger than those on the host, 52–85 x 17–31 µm (av. 67.3 x 23.6 µm, n = 13), L/W 1.9–3.7 (av. 2.9, n = 13), 6–8-pseudoseptate, having 3 appendages of 51–120(–160) µm long (av. 78.5 µm, n = 14) with 4–12 septa.
Specimens examined: Japan, Aomori, Nakatsugaru, Nishimeya, Oosawa tril, on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 22 July 2002, S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 27481, living culture HC 4665 (= NBRC 106248); Hokkaido, Isl. Rishiri, Kutugata trail, 25 July 2008, K. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, HHUF 30031, living culture KTC 2546 (= NBRC 106249).
Notes: The conidia of Triplosphaeria sp. on the host plant (av. 38.4 x 18 µm) are similar to those of Triplosphaeria maxima produced under culture conditions (av. 48.3 x 19.3 µm), but Triplosphaeria sp. forms quite larger conidia in culture (av. 67.3 x 23.6 µm). The teleomorph of this fungus is unknown, but it obviously belongs to Triplosphaeria based on the anamorph morphology and molecular evidence. A new anamorph genus is needed to describe this species formally. However, we retain this species as Triplosphaeria sp. until further information is available, e.g. the possibility of collecting a teleomorph for this species.
Polyplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov. MycoBank MB515256.
Anamorph: Undescribed Tetraploa-like state producing conidia with three to eight setose appendages.
Etymology: In reference to the anamorphic state producing conidia with many setose appendages.
Ascomata erumpentia vel superficialia, globosa. Rostrum aliquantum papillatum. Pseudoparaphyses septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci fissitunicati, clavati, octospori. Ascosporae anguste fusiformes, 1(–3)-septatae, hyalinae vel pallide brunneae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu lato. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia globosa vel subglobosa, brunnea, cum 3–8 appendicibus.
Ascomata scattered to clustered, erumpent to superficial, globose, black to sometimes reddish-brown, with brown short hyphae at sides, mostly associated with reddish pigment. Beak slightly papillate, central, with hyaline periphyses. Ascomatal wall composed of rectangular to polygonal brown cells, sometimes poorly developed at the base. Pseudoparaphyses trabecular, numerous, tortuous, septate, branched and anastomosed, associated with gelatinous material. Asci fissitunicate, clavate, short-stalked, with 8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores narrowly fusiform, slightly curved, 1(–3)-septate, constricted at the primary septum, hyaline to pale olive-brown, with an entire sheath. Anamorphs Tetraploa-like with 3 to 8 setose appendages. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, Conidia globose to subglobose, with thin peel-like outer wall of conidia, composed of numerous internal hyphae at the inside, brown, almost smooth, verrucose at the base. Appendages brown, straight.
Type species: Polyplosphaeria fusca Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov.
Notes: The characteristics of this new genus include globose ascomata surrounded by numerous brown hyphae, reddish pigment on the host surface around ascomata, clavate asci with fissitunicate dehiscence, and narrowly fusiform ascospores provided with an entire sheath. The anamorphic state of Polyplosphaeria produces almost globose conidia composed of numerous internal hyphae, thin peel-like outer wall, and three to eight setose appendages. These appearances of conidia are slightly similar to those of Piricauda (e.g. P. cochinensis and P. longispora), but Piricauda has been defined primarily based on monotretic conidiogenous cells and its muriform conidia (Mercado Sierra et al. 2005).
Polyplosphaeria fusca Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515267. Fig. 11.
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Ascomata 180–420 x 300–680 µm, erumpentia vel superficialia, globosa. Rostrum 50–90 x 75 µm, ostiolatum. Paries ascomatis 20–50 µm crassus ad latus, ex cellulis 4–7-stratis 2.5–12.5 x 2.5–5 µm compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1–2 µm latae, septatae, ramificantes et anastomosantes. Asci (84–) 92.5–135 x 17–23 µm, fissitunicati, clavati, octospori. Ascosporae 36.5–49(–57) x 7–10 µm, anguste fusiformes, 1(–3)-septatae, hyalinae vel pallide brunneae, cum vagina gelatinosa obtectae. Anamorphosis Tetraploa sensu lato. Conidia in vitro 43–100(–125) µm diam, globosa vel subglobosa, brunnea, cum 3–8 appendicibus; appendices 92–200(–235) µm longae, 4–10-septatae.
Ascomata 180–420 µm high, 300–680 µm diam, scattered to clustered, erumpent to superficial, globose, black to sometimes reddish-brown, with short brown hyphae at sides, mostly associated with reddish pigment. Beak 50–90 µm long, 75 µm diam, slightly papillate, central, with hyaline periphyses, composed of subglobose to polygonal slightly thickened cells of 2–5 µm diam. Ascomatal wall at sides 20–50 µm thick, composed of 4–7 layers of (irregular to paralell rows) rectangular to polygonal brown cells of 2.5–12.5 x 2.5–5 µm diam, sometimes poorly developed at the base. Pseudoparaphyses trabecular, numerous, tortuous, 1–2 µm wide, septate, branched and anastomosed, associated with gelatinous material. Asci (84–) 92.5–135 x 17–23 µm (av. 107.9 x 20.1 µm, n = 32), fissitunicate, clavate, short-stalked (10–30 µm long), with 8 biseriate ascospores. Ascospores 36.5–49(–57) x 7–10 µm (av. 43.8 x 8.4 µm, n = 111), L/W 4.5–5.8 (av. 5.2, n = 111), narrowly fusiform, slightly curved, with a submedian primary septum (0.49–0.53; av. 0.51, n = 106), constricted at the primary septum, 1(–3)-septate, hyaline to pale olive-brown, with a sheath up to 12 µm wide. At germination ascospores become 3- to 5-septate and produce germ tubes from both end cells.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 1.9–2 cm diam, velvety in appearance, dark green (28F8), with whitish entire margin of 2 mm; reverse raw-sienna (6D7); mellon (5A6) pigment produced. On RSA, a Tetraploa-like anamorph with 3 to 8 setose appendages and a teleomorph are observed. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia 43–100(–125) µm diam (av. 71.2 µm, n = 58), globose to subglobose, brown, almost smooth, verrucose at the base. Appendages 92–200(–235) µm long (av. 147.6 µm, n = 56), 7–10 µm wide at the base, 2–3.5 µm wide at the apex, with 4–10 septa at 15 to 28 µm intervals. The teleomorph is similar to that found on the host, but the asci and ascospores in culture are slightly larger. Asci 120–155 x 17.5–23 µm (av. 135.4 x 20 µm, n = 56). Ascospores 39–54(–57) x 8.5–10.5 µm (av. 47.7 x 9.6 µm, n = 70), L/W 4.3–5.7 (av. 5.0, n = 70), with a submedian primary septum (0.50–0.53; av. 0.52 n = 69), 1–3-septate.
Specimens examined: Japan, Aomori, Sannohe, Gonohe, Asamizu (141°18.0'E, 40°28.1'N), on culms of Pleioblastus chino, 2 Dec. 2003, K. Tanaka et al., HHUF 29399 holotype designated here, living culture KTC 1616 (= JCM 13175 = MAFF 239685); Tochigi, Kanuma, Simosawa (139°42.2'E, 36°34.4'N), on culms of Phyllostachys bambusoides, 20 Mar. 2003, N. Asama, HHUF 29392, living culture KTC 1043 (= JCM 13173 = MAFF 239683); Shizuoka, Syuntou, Nagaizumi, Minami-isshiki, Fuji bamboo garden (138°53.1'N, 35°09.3'N), on culms of Chimonobambusa marmorea, 8 Mar. 2004, K. Tanaka & Y. Harada, HHUF 29405, living culture KTC 1640 (= JCM 13176 = MAFF 239686); Nagasaki, Nagayo, Nagasaki Siebold University (129°52.4'E, 32°48.2'N), on culms of bamboo, 30 May 2004, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 29406, living culture KTC 1686 (= JCM 13177 = MAFF 239687); Aomori, Souma, Ainai trail, on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 29 July 2006, K. Tanaka et al., HHUF 30018, living culture KTC 2124 (= CBS 125425).
Notes: This species has a broad host preference within Bambusoideae because it has been associated with four bamboo genera in two subtribes; Arundinariinae (Pleioblastus and Sasa) and Shibataeinae (Chimonobambusa and Phyllostachys). As discussed later, two distinct clades, KT1043+1640 and KT1616+2124, were found for this species in the tree. Ascomata in these specimens are "almost superficial without associated pigmentation" and "immersed to erumpent with reddish pigments", respectively. Possibly, they may reflect the differences between the bamboo hosts, Arundinariinae and Shibataeinae. Additional material will be helpful to evaluate the taxonomic significance of these variations.
Pseudotetraploa Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., gen. nov. MycoBank MB515257.
Teleomorph: Unknown.
Etymology: In reference to the Tetraploa-like conidial morphology.
Mycelia superficialia. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia obpyriformes vel anguste obpyriformes, brunnea vel atro brunnea, cum 4 (raro 6 vel 8) appendicibus.
Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, indistinguishable form creeping hyphae. Conidia composed of 4 to 8 columns, obpyriform to long obpyriform, brown to dark brown, almost smooth, verrucose at the base, pseudoseptate, with setose appendages at the apical part. Appendages mostly 4, rarely 6 to 8, curved or straight.
Type species: Pseudotetraploa curviappendiculata (Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov.
Notes: An anamorphic genus Pseudotetraploa is established for species with conidia similar to those of Tetraploa. The conidial body of Pseudotetraploa is obpyriform to long obpyriform rather than short cylindrical, and has pseudosepta rather than eusepta. In general, setose appendages of Pseudotetraploa are short and curved, as compared with those of Tetraploa (long and straight). There are several hyphomycetes with conidia resembling those of Pseudotetraploa, such as Ceratosporella (Kuthubutheen & Nawawi 1991), Paratetraploa (Wong et al. 2002), Triposporium (Rifai 1972), and Tretospeira (Pirozynski 1972, Ho et al. 2000), but they have macro- or semimacronematous conidiophores. Kodonospora (Ando 1993) shares some features with Pseudotetraploa, but this genus does not have well-developed appendages. The following three species previously described as Tetraploa (Hatakeyama et al. 2005) are transferred to Pseudotetraploa.
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Basionym: Tetraploa curviappendiculata Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, Mycoscience 46: 196. 2005.
Specimens examined: Japan, Aomori, Hirosaki, Mt. Kudoji (140°25'E, 40°31'N), on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 9 May 2003, Y. Harada, HHUF 28582 holotype, living culture HC 4930 (= JCM 12852 = MAFF 239495); Aomori, Hirosaki, Matsukitai (140°29'E, 40°33'N), on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 7 Dec. 2003, K. Tanaka & N. Asama, HHUF 28590, living culture HC 4932 (= MAFF 239496); Hokkaido, Isl. Rishiri, Shinrin-park, on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 25 July 2008, K. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, HHUF 30019, living culture KTC 2558 (= CBS 125426 = NBRC 106241).
Pseudotetraploa longissima (Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov. MycoBank MB515270. Fig. 12F–J.
Basionym: Tetraploa longissima Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, Mycoscience 46: 198. 2005.
Specimen examined: Japan. Aomori, Sannohe, Gonohe, Asamizu (141°18.0'E, 40°28.1'N), on culms of Pleioblastus chino, 2 Dec. 2003, K. Tanaka et al., HHUF 28580 holotype, living culture HC 4933 (= JCM 12853 = MAFF 239497).
Pseudotetraploa javanica (Rifai, Zainuddin & Cholil) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., comb. nov. MycoBank MB515269. Fig. 12K–O.
Basionym: Tetraploa javanica Rifai, Zainuddin & Cholil, Reinwardtia 10: 420. 1988.
Specimen examined: Japan, Aomori, Sannohe, Gonohe, Asamizu (141°18.0'E, 40°28.1'N), on culms of Pleioblastus chino, 2 Dec. 2003, K. Tanaka et al., HHUF 28596, living culture HC 4934 (= JCM 12854 = MAFF 239498).
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Teleomorph: Unknown.
Etymology: From Latin quadri meaning four and crura meaning leg, in reference to the conidial morphology with four leg-like short appendages.
Mycelia superficialia. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia globosa vel subglobosa, brunnea vel atro brunnea, cum 1 vel 2 longiappendicibus et 4 vel 5 breviappendicibus.
Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, indistinguishable form creeping hyphae. Conidia globose to subglobose, with thin peel on the outer wall of conidia, composed of numerous internal hyphae at the inside, solitary, brown to dark brown, verrucose at the base, with setose appendages. Appendages of two forms, unbranched, smooth, brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex: long appendages usually single or 2, arising from apical part of conidia; short appendages mostly 4 to 5, arising from basal side part of conidia.
Type species: Quadricrura septentrionalis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Sat. Hatak.
Notes: This new genus is characterised by globose to subglobose conidia that are composed of internal hyphae and thin peel-like outer wall similar to the Polyplosphaeria anamorph. The presence of internal hyphae in conidia is known in the genus Piricaudilium (Holubová-Jechová 1988). Likewise, the peel-like outer wall of conidia is found in the genus Megacapitula (Chen & Tzean 1993). Quadricrura, however, differs from these genera in the morphology of setose appendages of conidia; one or two long appendages arising from the apical part and mostly four to five short appendages around the basal sides. Bioconiosporium (Ellis 1976, Narayan & Kamal 1986) and Pseudopetrakia (Ellis 1976) have conidia resembling those of Quadricrura to some degree, but produce setose appendages only on the apex of muriform conidia.
Quadricrura bicornis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & H. Yonez., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515271. Fig. 13.
Etymology: From Latin bi meaning two and cornis meaning horned, referring to the two long setose appendages of conidia.
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Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, indistinguishable form creeping hyphae. Conidia 32.5–60 x 40–65 µm (av. 40.6 x 48.8 µm, n = 32), subglobose, solitary, brown to dark brown, verrucose at the base, with setose appendages. Appendages of two forms, unbranched, smooth, brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex: long appendages 2, 65–175(–200) µm long (av. 130.6 µm, n = 36), 10–13 µm wide at the base, 4–5 µm wide at the apex, 4–8-septate, arising from apical part of conidia; short appendages usually 4, 17.5–45.5 µm long (av. 30.6 µm, n = 39), 7–11.5 µm wide at the base, 4–5 µm wide at the apex, 0–2-septate, arising excentric from the conidial base.
Culture characteristics: The conidial state in culture conidition is similar to that on the host, but the conidia are slightly larger (50–77.5 x 60–80 µm).
Specimens examined: Japan, Aomori, Shirakami, Chisan-dam, on leaf litter of a conifer, 21 July 2007, H. Yonezawa & K. Tanaka, HHUF 30023 holotype designated here, living culture yone 153 (= CBS 125427); Aomori, Shirakami, Chisan-dam, on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 21 July 2007, H. Yonezawa & K. Tanaka, yone154 = HHUF 30035.
Notes: One of the most striking features of Q. bicornis is the presence of two pairs of long appendages at the conidial apex. The holotype of this fungus was collected from leaf litter of a conifer, but it is uncertain whether the conifer is a natural host of Q. bicornis. An additional specimen of this fungus on Sasa kurilensis (HHUF 30035) was also identified as Q. bicornis based on morphology, although there is no isolate and molecular evidence from this specimen. These two specimens were collected from the same locality, and the holotype was found around the base of a thicket of Sasa kurilensis.
Quadricrura meridionalis Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515273. Fig. 14.
Etymology: In reference to the southern distribution of the taxon.
Mycelia superficialia. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia 36–43.5(–56.5) x 41–75 µm, subglobosa, brunnea vel atro brunnea, cum appendicibus; longiappendices 1 vel 2, 170–295 µm longae, 10–16-septatae; breviappendices 4 vel 5, 15–37.5 µm longae, 0–2-septatae.
Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, indistinguishable from creeping hyphae. Conidia 36–43.5(–56.5) x 41–75 µm (av. 48.8 x 57.5 µm, n = 22), subglobose, solitary, brown to dark brown, verrucose at the base, with setose appendages. Appendages of two forms, unbranched, smooth, brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex: long appendages usually single, rarely 2, 170–295 µm long (av. 236.3 µm, n = 15), 10–12 µm wide at the base, 3–4 µm wide at the apex, with 10 to 16 septa at 7.5 to 30 µm intervals, arising from the apical part of conidia; short appendages usually 4, rarely 5, 15–37.5 µm long (av. 24.9 µm, n = 27), 6–7 µm wide at the base, 3–4 µm wide at the apex, 0–2-septate, arising excentric from the conidial base.
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Specimen examined: Japan, Okinawa, Isl. Yonaguni, Irinda trail, on culms of bamboo, 23 Nov. 2008, K. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, HHUF 30024 holotype designated here, living culture KTC 2607 (NBRC 106242 = CBS 125684).
Note: It bears a slight resemblance to Q. septentrionalis, but can be separated on the basis of larger and subglobose conidia (av. 48.8 x 57.5 µm vs. 37.4 µm diam).
Quadricrura septentrionalis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Sat. Hatak., sp. nov. MycoBank MB515272. Fig. 15.
Etymology: In reference to the northern distribution of the taxon.
Mycelia superficialia. Conidiophora absentia. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae. Conidia 30–45(–52.5) µm, globosa, brunnea vel atro brunnea, cum appendicibus; longiappendices unica, 115–210 µm longae, 6–12-septatae; breviappendices 4, 10–20 µm longae, 0–1-septatae.
Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, indistinguishable form creeping hyphae. Conidia 30–45(–52.5) µm (av. 37.4 µm, n = 50) diam, globose, solitary, brown to dark brown, verrucose at the base, with setose appendages. Appendages two forms, unbranched, smooth, brown at the base and almost hyaline at the apex: long appendage single, 115–210 µm long (av. 159.7 µm, n = 50), 5–6 µm wide at the base, 3–4 µm wide at the apex, 6–12-septate, arising from apical part of conidia; short appendages usually 4, 10–20 µm long (av. 14.7 µm, n = 50), 3–4 µm wide at the base and apex, 0–1-septate, arising excentric from the conidial base.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining a diam of 2.9–3.2 cm, velvety in appearance, metal-grey (5E2) with 2 mm whitish entire margin; reverse clay (5D5); no pigment produced. On RSA, an anamorphic state is formed on the surface of rice straw. Conidia from culture are similar to those on natural specimen, but conidial body is slightly smaller (25–42.5 µm diam) and long appendage is longer (135–240 µm). In the culture HC 4984, a spermatial state is also produced; Spermogonia 80–150 µm, globose, black; Spermatia 2–2.5 x 1.5 µm, subglobose, hyaline.
Specimens examined: Japan, Aomori, Hirosaki, Serisawa-park, on culms of Sasa kurilensis, 3 May 2003, K. Tanaka & N. Asama, HHUF 28782 holotype designated here, living culture HC 4984 (= CBS 125430); Aomori, Shimokita, Hotokegaura, on culms of S. kurilensis, 20 Oct. 2002, N. Asama, HHUF 30020, living culture KTC 920 (= CBS 125428); Aomori, Hirosaki, Serisawa-park, on culms of S. kurilensis, 7 Dec. 2002, K. Tanaka & N. Asama, HHUF 28781, living culture HC 4983 (= CBS 125429); Aomori, Zatoishi, Ogamisawa, on culms of S. kurilensis, 8 July 2006, K. Tanaka, HHUF 29747, living culture yone 44 = HC 5254 (= CBS 125431); Hokkaido, Isl. Rishiri, Kutsugata tail, on culms of S. kurilensis, 28 July 2007, K. Tanaka & G. Sato, HHUF 30021, living culture yone 176 (= CBS 125432 = NBRC 106243); Hokkaido, Isl. Rishiri, Oniwaki trail, on culms of S. kurilensis, 29 July 2007, K. Tanaka & G. Sato, living culture yone 179 (= CBS 125433 = NBRC 106244); Aomori, Hirosaki, Serisawa-park, on culms of S. kurilensis, 29 Nov. 2003, K. Tanaka & N. Asama, SH 91 = HHUF 28788; Iwate, Nishine, Mt. Iwate, on culms of S. kurilensis, 19 Oct. 2003, K. Tanaka, SH 89 = HHUF 28786; Aomori, Hirosaki, Zatoishi, on culms of S. kurilensis, 8 Nov. 2003, K. Tanaka & T. Shirouzu, SH 35 = HHUF 28787; Hokkaido, Yoichi, Sawamachi (140°46'E, 43°11'N), on culms of S. kurilensis, 6 June 2004, K. Tanaka, SH 193 = HHUF 28790; Hokkaido, Sapporo, Maruyama (141°18.4'E, 43°02.4'N), on culms of S. kurilensis, 6 June 2004, K. Tanaka, SH 195 = HHUF 28792; Hokkaido, Sapporo, Botanical garden of Hokkaido Univ. (141°20.4'E, 43°03.4'N), on culms of Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis, 6 June 2004, K. Tanaka, SH 194 = HHUF 28791; Hokkaido, Notsuke, Bekkai, Notsukefuren park (145°14'E, 43°31'N), on culms of Sasa niopponica, 8 Sept. 2003, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, SH 118 = HHUF 28783; Hokkaido, Akkeshi, Ootakita, Sattebetu-river (144°49.0'E, 43°08.1'N), on bamboo culms, 7 Sept. 2003, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, SH 88 = HHUF 28784; Hokkaido, Kamikawa, Shintoku, Shinnai, Karikachi mountain pass (142°46.1'E, 43°07.6'N, 644m a.s.l.), on bamboo culms, 9 Sept. 2003, K. Tanaka & S. Hatakeyama, SH 92 = HHUF 28785; Aomori, Towada, Denbouzi (141°16.1'E, 40°34.2'N), on culms of Pleioblastus chino, 2 Dec. 2003, K. Tanaka et al., SH 87 = HHUF 28789.
Note: Quadricrura septentrionalis is frequently collected from various bamboos, particularly Sasa kurilensis, and might be widely distributed in northern Japan.
Phylogenetic analyses
SSU+LSU: Approximately 990–1 350 bp of SSU and 1 260–1
290 bp of LSU nrDNA sequences were determined for 53 isolates of bamboo fungi.
A combined dataset of SSU (893 bp) and LSU (985 bp) sequences were generated
after excluding insertions of several species which correspond to positions
471–832 of Roussoellopsis tosaensis (GenBank AB524484
[GenBank]
) and
positions 1 247–1 591 of Neottiosporina paspali (GenBank
EU754073
[GenBank]
) in the SSU sequences. The combined dataset was aligned with
sequences of 39 species belonging to Dothideomycetes (mainly
Pleosporales) obtained from GenBank. Botryosphaeria dothidea,
Spencermartinsia viticola (both belonging to Botryosphaeriales)
and Dothidea insculpta (Dothideales) were used as the
outgroup taxa. Of the 1 878 characters, 442 (23.5 %) were variable, of which
349 (18.6 %) were parsimony informative. An MP analysis yielded 31 equally
most parsimonious trees with a tree length (TL) of 1 503 steps [consistency
index (CI), retention index (RI) of 0.403 and 0.777, respectively]. A
consensus tree was constructed from the 31 MP trees
(Fig. 16). The trees obtained
from NJ and Bayesian analysis had a similar topology to that of the MP tree on
the whole, although the monophyly of Triplosphaeria was rejected in
the Bayesian analysis. Bambusicolous fungi represented by 53 isolates
comprising 32 species in 14 genera are scattered in nine clades. The new
family Tetraplosphaeriaceae formed a monophyletic clade moderately or
strongly supported by NJBS value (86 %) or Bayesian PP (1.00), but the
monophyly was not well supported in MP analysis (54 %).
Tetraplosphaeriaceae was positioned as a sister group to a clade
composed of mainly pleosporalean families, such as Lophiostomataceae,
Massarinaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleomassariaceae and
Pleosporaceae, but these relationships were not supported in the MP
analysis (< 50 %) and not found in the Bayesian analysis. In the NJ
analysis, Tetraplosphaeriaceae clustered with the Massarina
arundinariae-Testudinaceae clade.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPAbstractINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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Astrosphaeriella (Fig. 19A–B): This genus is characterised by the cone-shaped, large ascomata composed of carbonaceous firm peridium, with starlike flanges of ruptured host tissue around the base (Fig. 19A); the numerous trabeculate pseudoparaphyses in gel matrix; the bitunicate cylindrical-clavate asci; and the narrowly fusiform ascospores (Barr 1990, Hyde & Fröhlich 1998, Fröhlich & Hyde 2000). Currently, 47 taxa are accepted in Astrosphaeriella (Wang et al. 2004, Jagadeesh Ram et al. 2005, Tanaka & Harada 2005a, Chen & Huang 2006), and most of them are recorded on bamboo. Astrosphaeriella has been provisionally placed in Melanommataceae, Pleosporales (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007), although the molecular phylogeny of this genus has not been revealed to date. The result from our study (Fig. 16) suggests that Astrosphaeriella is not a member of Melanommataceae, because Astrosphaeriella stellata, the type of the genus, deviated from Herpotrichia juniperi, a representative species of the Melanommataceae (Zhang et al. 2008), and was located at the basal position of Pleosporales. Monophyly of Astrosphaeriella was not supported. Tanaka & Harada (2005a) transferred Melanopsamma aggregata (Hino & Katumoto 1955) to Astrosphaeriella according to the broad generic concept of Astrosphaeriella proposed by Hyde et al. (2000) to accept Massarina-like species having a slit-like ostiole at the ascomata. However, this classification was not supported by our results, because A. aggregata with a slit-like ostiole (Fig. 19B) did not form a clade with A. stellata (Fig. 16). Chen & Hsieh (2004) recognised three elements in this genus: 1) typical Astrosphaeriella species (e.g. A. stellata), 2) Trematosphaeria-like species with striate ascospores (e.g. A. africana), and 3) Massarina-like species with immersed ascomata (e.g. A. bakeriana); they proposed a strict generic concept excluding Massarina-like species. The phylogeny obtained from our study support their opinion.
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Katumotoa (Fig. 19E–F): The monotypic genus Katumotoa, based on K. bambusicola, is characterised by apiosporous ascospores provided with bipolar enlarged sheath (Fig. 19E–F). Based on morphological features of the species, such as immersed perithecioid ascomata, thin ascomatal wall composed of small pseudoparenchymatous cells, cellular pseudoparaphyses, and fissitunicate asci, Katumotoa has been tentatively assigned to Phaeosphaeriaceae (Tanaka & Harada 2005b). However, Katumotoa did not group within Phaeosphaeria, and formed a clade with Ophiosphaerella sasicola, another bambusicolous fungus (Figs 16, 19I). This clade was sister to Massaria platani (Massariaceae) but the affinity of these taxa was insufficiently supported (<50 % BS).
Massarina (Fig. 19G–H): Several species in this genus (e.g. M. alpina, M. pustulata, M. bambusina) have been recorded from bamboo (Eriksson & Yue 1998, Tanaka & Harada 2003b), but there is no sequence data for most of them. In this study, M. arundinariae, which has been accepted as Massarina (Aptroot 1998) but was later transferred to Lophiostoma (Hyde et al. 2002a), was used for the analyses. All phylogenetic analyses revealed that placement of this taxon in either Massarina or Lophiostoma was not suitable (Fig. 16). The species grouped with the Verruculina-Testudinaceae clade, and they were isolated from a core member of Pleosporales in the MP tree or were positioned as a sister group of Tetraplosphaeriaceae in the NJ tree. In the analyses of Pleosporales using sequences from nrDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 in this volume (Zhang et al. 2009a), this species is treated as a Lophiotrema. Phylogenetic re-evaluation of the generic placement of other Massarina species from bamboo would be required, because recent molecular studies on the genus suggest a considerable polyphyly of Massarina s. l. (Kodsueb et al. 2007, Zhang et al. 2009b).
Ophiosphaerella (Fig. 19I): Ophiosphaerella sasicola deviated from the Phaeosphaeriaceae clade including Ophiosphaerella or Phaeosphaeria, genera that previously accommodated the species (Nagasawa & Otani 1977, Shoemaker & Babcock 1989). The multi-septated scolecospores (Fig. 19I) found in O. sasicola might suggest an affinity with species of Cochliobolus (Pleosporaceae), but this relationship was not supported (Fig. 16). Ophiosphaerella sasicola formed a monophyletic clade with K. bambusicola supported by strong statistical values (>96 % BS, 1.00 PP; Fig. 16), although there is no morphological similarity between the taxa. Most probably, a new genus should be established to accommodate this species.
Phaeosphaeria (Fig. 19J–K): Two species of Phaeosphaeria on bamboo, P. brevispora and Phaeosphaeria sp., were examined in our analyses, but they did not locate to Phaeosphaeria or Phaeosphaeriaceae. The separation of P. brevispora from the Phaeosphaeria clade might be due to morphological heterogeneity of this species among the genus, such as gregarious ascomata with clypei and clavate asci with a relatively long stipe (Fig. 19J; Tanaka & Harada 2004). These morphological features of the species are similar to those of Kalmusia scabrispora (Fig. 19C–D), although the relationships between the taxa were not supported according to the molecular phylogeny in this study. While Phaeosphaeria sp. [Fig. 19K; the same species reported by Tanaka & Harada (2004) as Phaeosphaeria sp.] shares several characters with Phaeosphaeria on various monocots (Shoemaker & Babcock 1989). This might indicate that fungal species on bamboo are a peculiar lineage and do not belong to existing genera from other host plants, even though they have morphological similarities with the genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies of other Phaeosphaeria species described from bamboo (e.g. P. bambusae) should be conducted to confirm this expectation.
Roussoella (Fig. 19L–M): Roussoella is characterised by gregarious, clypeate ascomata, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses embedded in a gel matrix, bitunicate asci without obvious fissitunicate dehiscence, and brown, 1-septate ascospores with distinctive wall ornamentation (Fig. 19L; Hyde et al. 1999). This genus has traditionally been considered as a member of Amphisphaeriaceae (Xylariales) because of the misinterpretation of the asci as unitunicate with IKI ± apical rings (Aptroot 1995a), and the presence of heterogenous element in the genus, now treated as Arecophila (Hyde 1996). The genus, typified by R. hysterioides, is currently placed in Didymosphaeriaceae (Ju et al. 1996, Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007), although the validity of this classification has not been assessed in previous phylogenetic studies (Kang et al. 1998, Verkley et al. 2004). Roussoella include more than 11 species (Hyde 1997, Hyde et al. 1999, Zhou et al. 2003) and most of them are known from bamboo. Four isolates of Roussoella used in our analyses did not cluster with members of Didymosphaeriaceae, such as Didymosphaeria futilis in the LSU tree (data not shown) or Verruculina enalia, and formed a strongly supported clade (99 % BS, 1.00 PP) with Roussoellopsis and Arthopyrenia salicis (Fig. 16). This result might suggest that Roussoella belongs to Arthopyreniaceae, but this relationship is not fully resolved because of the morphological differences between both taxa. Many of the characters found in Arthopyreniaceae, e.g. lichenised or non-lichenised nature, hemispherical ascomata with wall sometimes staining green by KOH, cellular pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate asci, and mostly hyaline ascospores (Eriksson 1981, Cannon & Kirk 2007), are significantly different from those of Roussoella. Our results further suggest that Roussoella is not a monophyletic genus, but additional evidence would be necessary before taxonomic revisions of the genus can be proposed.
Roussoellopsis (Fig. 19N–P): Ascomata of this genus are extremely similar to those found in Roussoella, but Roussoellopsis species have clavate asci and large-sized (ca. 28–66 x 10–17 µm) fusiform ascospores strongly constricted at the submedian septum (Fig. 19N–O; Hino 1961, Hino & Katumoto 1965). All three species in Roussoellopsis have been considered to belong to Astrosphaeriella or Roussoella on the basis of their original descriptions (Aptroot 1995b). However, two isolates of Roussoellopsis appeared in the basal lineage of the main families in Pleosporales and far away from Astrosphaeriella clade in this study (Fig. 16). The transfer of Roussoellopsis to an older genus Roussoella appears to be reasonable from the topology, but careful consideration must be given to the treatment. In this study, it was revealed for the first time that Roussoellopsis tosaensis has a Melanconiopsis or Neomelanconium-like anamorph producing annellidic conidiogenous cells, and almost globose, black, 1-celled, thick-walled conidia (ca. 21–30 µm diam) surrounded by an entire gelatinous material (Fig. 19P). Differences found in anamorphs between Roussoellopsis and Rousoella having a Cytoplea state (Fig. 19M; Hyde et al. 1996) indicate that they are not congeneric.
Versicolorisporium (Fig. 19Q): It has been reported that this genus has a phylogenetic relatedness with Arthopyrenia based on the similarity of LSU sequences (Hatakeyama et al. 2008). In the result from our study using the SSU+LSU dataset, Versicolorisporium clustered as a sister taxon with the clade of Roussoella-Roussoellopsis-Arthopyrenia (Fig. 16), although these relationships were supported only from the NJ analysis. Besides, the versicolous, 3-septate conidia of Versicolorisporium (Fig. 19Q) are quite different from those found in anamorphs of Roussoella or Roussoellopsis. Phylogenetic inference of this anamorphic genus could not be elucidated at this time, but it is probable that Versicolorisporium does not belong to the main existing families in Pleosporales.
Monophyly of Tetraploa and T. aristata
The anamorphic genus Tetraploa is a well-known dematiaceous
hyphomycete. Tetraploa species mostly occur throughout the year on
leaves or stems of monocotyledons including bamboo, and also on various
dicotyledons (Ellis 1949).
Sixteen taxa have been accepted in the genus until now
(Ellis 1949,
Sharma 1978,
Arambarri et al. 1987,
Rifai et al. 1988,
Révay 1993,
Matsushima & Matsushima
1996, Hatakeyama et
al. 2005, Pratibha &
Bhat 2008, Zhao et
al. 2009). There have been no doubt regarding the monophyly
of Tetraploa characterised by conidia that consist of a main body and
four setose appendages and that are formed from a conidiogenous cell
indistinguishable from creeping hyphae
(Hatakeyama et al.
2005). However, our analyses revealed that the genus is composed
of at least two lineages, i.e. Tetraploa s. str. and
Pseudotetraploa (Figs
16,
17,
18). Several species
previously described as Tetraploa might have phylogenetic affinities
with Pseudotetraploa or might represent an additional lineage
retaining a close relationship with Tetraploa. For example, T.
opacta most likely belongs to Pseudotetraploa based on the
original description and illustration of the species
(Zhao et al. 2009).
Tetraploa abortiva (Arambarri
et al. 1987) and T. setifera
(Révay 1993,
Markovskaja 2007) should
probably be separated from Tetraploa s. str. owing to their unusual
features such as conidial body composed of three columns or hyaline
appendages. Results from our analyses indicate that the genus
Tetraploa should be restricted to species with conidial features
similar to that of T. aristata and T. ellisii.
Interestingly, monophyly of T. aristata, the type species of the genus (Berkeley & Broome 1850), was also rejected in this study. Tetraploa aristata, the most well-known species in this genus, has been considered to have a wide geographical distribution (Ellis 1949). It has been recorded on more than 120 plant species (Farr & Rossman 2009), in particular on senescent culms of Gramineae (e.g. Pennisetum, Phragmites, Miscanthus) and Cyperaceae (e.g. Schoenoplectus) as a major saprophytic fungus (Wong & Hyde 2001). Moreover, there are several reports of the species as "facultative aquatic hyphomycete" (Kirk 1969, Descals & Moralejo 2001) or "terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycete" (Ando 1992, Goh & Hyde 1996), as an air-borne fungus (Sreeramulu & Ramalingam 1962, Tseng & Chen 1982, Green et al. 2006), and sometimes as a human pathogen causing keratomycosis or phaeohyphomycotic cysts (Markham et al. 1990). Traditionally, T. aristata has been believed to be a single species having high ecological diversity. However, the circumscription of T. aristata would be problematic because four isolates identified morphologically as T. aristata or Tetraploa cf. aristata (KT 1682, 1684, 1906, and CBS 996.70) showed low sequence similarities with each other (Fig. 16). Probably, this species-complex can likely be separated into several species based on minute morphological differences, e.g. dimension and degree of ornamentation of conidial body and length of setose appendages. Therefore, morphological re-assessment of T. aristata s. l. (Ellis 1949) based on the type specimen of T. aristata (Berkeley & Broome 1850) would be required. Among the 16 species in Tetraploa, only one species, T. aristata, is known to have a Massarina teleomorph of pleosporalean ascomycete (Scheuer 1991), but the identification of this anamorphic state should be reevaluated in the future.
Generic placement of ascomycetes having Tetraploa anamorphs
Although the teleomorphic fungus of "T. aristata"
found on Carex by Scheuer
(1991) has been assigned to
the genera Massarina (Scheuer
1991, Aptroot 1998)
or Lophiostoma (Hyde et
al. 2002a), our analyses revealed that these generic
placements are inappropriate. These two genera are placed in
Massarinaceae and Lohiostomataceae, respectively
(Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007).
Massarinaceae seems to be poorly defined family in view of
morphological aspects, but the type species of Massarina (M.
eburnea) has phylogenetic relationships with Aquaticheirospora
(Kodsueb et al.
2007), Helminthosporium (Oliver et al. 2000),
Saccharicola (Eriksson &
Hawksworth 2003). On the other hand, Lophiostoma
characterised by the slit-like ostiole of ascomata is a well-defined genus
because several taxa including the type species of this genus formed a family
Lophiostomataceae as a sister group of Sporormiaceae
(Fig. 16; see also
Tanaka & Hosoya 2008).
Because six isolates of Tetraploa s. str. with or without teleomorphs
did not cluster with Massarinaceae or Lophiostomataceae
(Fig. 16), a new genus,
Tetraplosphaeria, was introduced for this lineage producing
Tetraploa anamorphs as a common feature. In the protologue of M.
tetraploa (anam.: T. aristata), Scheuer
(1991) noted the morphological
affinities of this species with several genera, such as Massarina,
Keissleriella, Lophiostoma, Lophiotrema, and Massariosphaeria.
All of them belong to a core group of Pleosporales, a clade with
strong support values (97 % BS, 1.00 PP), ranging from Phaeosphaeria
brevispora to Roussoella hysterioides in
Fig. 16.
Tetraplosphaeria having Tetraploa anamorphs s. str.
formed a single clade with four other genera (Triplosphaeria,
Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa and Quadricrura) having
Tetraploa-like anamorphs, and this new lineage
(Tetraplosphaeriaceae) deviated from a core group of
Pleosporales, although it has characteristic features of the order,
i.e. Pleospora-type centrum
(Luttrell 1973). The five
genera in Tetraplosphaeriaceae are clearly separated based on their
anamorphs (Figs 16,
17,
18). All these results suggest
that morphology of anamorphs is a good predictor of phylogenetic relationships
at the familial and genus levels, rather than their teleomorphs. Similar
observations about the significance of anamorphic characters have been
reported for Pleosporaceae in Dothideomycetes
(Kodsueb et al. 2006)
and for Chaetosphaeriaceae in Sordariomycetes
(Réblová 2000,
2006,
Réblová & Seifert
2007). However, the usefulness of anamorphic morphologies for
species identification might be limited as in the case of Tetraploa
aristata s. l. Similarly, Triplosphaeria species have relatively
few morphological differences in their anamorphs, but significant differences
in their teleomorphs, especially in their ascospores.
Relationshiphs between genera in Tetraplosphaeriaceae
Tetraplosphaeriaceae was introduced to accommodate five new genera
producing conidia with setose appendages. The monophyly of this family based
on the SSU+LSU analyses was supported by NJ (86 % BS) and Bayesian (1.00 PP)
trees, but not by the MP tree (54 % BS). Furthermore, the relationships of
Tetraplosphaeriaceae with other existing families were poorly
resolved, since the topologies were incongruent according to the different
analyses. Further phylogenetic evidence from an additional dataset, such as
sequences from the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2)
would provide useful information to understand the phylogenetic relatedness of
the new family among the pleosporalean fungi
(Schoch et al. 2006,
Wang et al. 2007).
To clarify intergeneric relationships of five genera in
Tetraplosphaeriaceae, analyses using ITS, TEF, BT, and a combined
dataset of these sequences were also conducted in this study. The branching
patterns and monophyletic status of the five genera were slightly different
according to each individual dataset and the intergeneric relationship could
not be resolved in these analyses (Fig.
17A–C), but most likely and reliable phylogenies were
obtained from analyses of the combined dataset (ITS+TEF+BT;
Fig. 18). The result suggests
that Tetraplosphaeria with anamorphs Tetraploa s. str. is an
ancestral lineage within this family. Species in Tetraplosphaeria
appear to have wide host selectivity, while species in the other four genera
derived from this basal genus are restricted to bamboo as their host plants.
Pseudotetraploa is the second basal lineage in this family and was
strongly supported (1.00 PP and >99 % BS). Pseudotetraploa species
produce conidia resembling those of Tetraploa in overall morphology,
but conidia are composed of more than four columns with pseudosepta. In this
genus, a teleomorph has not been found for any of the known species.
Triplosphaeria species produce conidia with pseudosepta similar to
those of Pseudotetraploa but with a reduced number of conidial
columns and setose appendages. Most species in Triplosphaeria are
likely to be heterothallic, because they form ascomata-like structures from
single ascospore isolates but mature teleomorphs have never been observed
under culture conditions. The monophyly of Polyplosphaeria and
Quadricrura, the most terminal lineages in this family, are also
supported by their resemblance in their anamorphs. They have globose conidia
composed of internal hyphal structure and more than four setose appendages,
unlike the basal three genera having cylindrical conidia with several columns.
Probably, the ability of teleomorph formation has been lost at least three
times within this family, and anamorphs appear to have contributed greatly to
their evolution.
It is interesting that there are several microfossil records of Tetraploa from the Palaeocene to the Holocene era (Saxena & Sarkar 1986, Kumaran et al. 2001, Antoine et al. 2006, Worobiec et al. 2009). The oldest record of Tetraploa-like fossil from Devonian deposits has been reported as an acritarch genus Frasnacritetrus (Taugourdeau 1968), but this is regarded as a contamination by a recent Tetraploa (Worobiec et al. 2009). On account of the presence of Tetraploa fossils from the late Miocene accompanied by pollen grains of a bamboo (Graminidites bambusoides) and abundant freshwater phytoplanktons, it has been considered that the Tetraploa species could grow on G. bambusoides, a presumable origin of bamboo, in swamp forests (Worobiec et al. 2009). A more complete fossil of Tetraploa as well as the other four genera in Tetraplosphaeriaceae would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships within this family.
Outlook for further research
Tetraplosphaeriaceae was established for Massarina-like
ascomycetes with conidial state similar to Tetraploa, morphologically
most strongly supported by the common character of their anamorphs. Although
application of an anamorphic phenotype for fungal classification is currently
insufficient, our results suggest that anamorphs are good indicators of
phylogenetic relationship at interfamilial or intergeneric levels. There are
several anamorphic genera, e.g. Bioconiosporium
(Ellis 1976,
Narayan & Kamal 1986),
Piricauda (Mercado Sierra et
al. 2005) and Piricaudilium
(Holubová-Jechová
1988), having conidia similar to those of
Tetraplosphaeriaceae. Their morphological resemblance, however, is
possibly the result of convergence. The characteristic morphologies of
Tetraploa, i.e. "tetraradiate" or
"staurosporous" conidia and conidiogenous cells without
conspicuous conidiophores, have been interpreted as a means of adaptation to
small amounts of terrestrial water films. Namely, they need to possess water
around the appendaged conidium for as long as possible to increase the
possibility of germination, and they need to produce their conidia quickly and
directly from conidiogenous cells without formation of conidiophores due to
limitations of water resources on terrestrial host plants
(Bandoni 1972,
Ando 1992,
Goh & Hyde 1996). There
are many examples about the convergent evolution of anamorphic morphology
resulting in adaptation to aquatic environments
(Belliveau & Bärlocher
2005, Campbell et al.
2006, Tsui & Berbee
2006, Tsui et al.
2006). Therefore, molecular phylogenetic studies would be required
to clarify the affinities between aforementioned dematiaceous hyphomycetes and
Tetraplosphaeriaceae.
Bamboo is broadly divided into two tribes, Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and Olyreae (herbaceous bamboos). The former is a major group, which includes 67 genera in nine subtribes (Das et al. 2008). In this study, woody bamboos belonging to only four genera in two subtribes, Arundinariinae (Pleioblastus and Sasa) and Shibataeinae (Chimonobambusa and Phyllostachys), were examined as host plants of bambusicolous fungi in Japan. Nevertheless, many novel fungal taxa were obtained from a limited area. It can be expected that there exists much more diverse Dothideomycetes on herbaceous bamboos and on the seven other subtribes of woody bamboos. In particular, we believe, a lineage referred to as "Neotropical woody bamboos" should receive more attention for taxonomic investigation of fungi. This bamboo group consisting of three subtribes, Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae and Guaduinae, is distributed in Central and South America (Sungkaew et al. 2009), but our knowledge of bambusicolous fungi from these regions is still limited. Even though fundamental taxonomic studies are well advanced on this group, phylogenetic decisions based on molecular evidence would be required because bambusicolous fungi have the tendency to constitute an independent clade, deviating from existing families or genera on other host plants, even though they have morphological similarities with those known fungal groups, as was indicated in this study.
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