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Stud Mycol 59(1): 147-203 2007
DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.59.14
Copyright © 2007 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre
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Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Fumigati and its teleomorph Neosartorya

R.A. Samson1,*, S. Hong2, S.W. Peterson3, J.C. Frisvad4 and J. Varga1,5

1 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
2 Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, NIAB, Suwon, 441-707, Korea
3 Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A.
4 BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
5 University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary

* Correspondence: Robert A. Samson, r.samson{at}cbs.knaw.nl


    Abstract
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 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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The taxonomy of Aspergillus section Fumigati with its teleomorph genus Neosartorya is revised. The species concept is based on phenotypic (morphology and extrolite profiles) and molecular (β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences) characters in a polyphasic approach. Four new taxa are proposed: N. australensis N. ferenczii, N. papuaensis and N. warcupii. All newly described and accepted species are illustrated. The section consists of 33 taxa: 10 strictly anamorphic Aspergillus species and 23 Neosartorya species. Four other Neosartorya species described previously were not available for this monograph, and consequently are relegated to the category of doubtful species.

Taxonomic novelties: Neosartorya australensis, N. ferenczii, N. papuaensis, N. warcupii.

Keywords Aspergillus section Fumigati / extrolite profiles / Neosartorya / phylogenetics / polyphasic taxonomy


    INTRODUCTION
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 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 List of accepted species...
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 Morphological characteristics
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Aspergillus section Fumigati includes species characterised by uniseriate aspergilli, columnar conidial heads in shades of green and flask shaped vesicles (Raper & Fennell 1965). Teleomorphic species belonging to the "Aspergillus fischeri series" of the A. fumigatus group (Raper & Fennell 1965) were placed in the genus Neosartorya (family Trichocomaceae) by Malloch & Cain (1972). Section Fumigati includes more than 20 Neosartorya species and 10 anamorphic species (Pitt et al. 2000; Samson 2000; Horie et al. 2003; Hong et al. 2005, 2006, 2007).

Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius is an ubiquitous filamentous fungus in the environment, and also an important human pathogen (Raper & Fennell 1965). Several Neosartorya species have been described as causal agents of human diseases including invasive aspergillosis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and mycotic keratitis (Coriglione et al. 1990; Summerbell et al. 1992; Padhye et al. 1994; Lonial et al. 1997; Jarv et al. 2004; Balajee et al. 2005, 2006). All of the Neosartorya species produce heat-resistant ascospores that are frequently encountered in different food products (Gomez et al. 1994; Samson 1989; Tournas 1994). The several mycotoxins produced by these species may cause serious health hazard (Fujimoto et al. 1993; Frisvad & Samson 1990; Larsen et al. 2007). Some species also have valuable properties for mankind; e.g. N. fischeri strains produce fiscalins which effectively inhibit the binding of substance P to the human neurokinin receptor (Wong et al. 1993), while A. fumigatus strains produce pyripyropenes, potent inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (Tomoda et al. 1994), the immunosuppressant restrictocins (Müllbacher & Eichner 1984), ribotoxins (Lin et al. 1995) and fumagillin that has amebicidal activity (McCowen et al. 1951). Neosartorya spinosa can be used for the complete enzymatic recovery of ferulic acid from corn residues (Shin et al. 2006).

Here we present an overview of the species belonging to Aspergillus section Fumigati based on analysis of macro- and micromorphology, extrolite profiles and β-tubulin, calmodulin, ITS and actin gene sequences of the isolates. We also describe four new homothallic Neosartorya species found in soil samples in Australia and Papua New Guinea using this polyphasic approach and list synonymies.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TOP
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 List of accepted species...
 Description
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 Morphological characteristics
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Source of microorganisms
The fungi examined included type strains or representatives of all species available for examination in Aspergillus section Fumigati. Some atypical isolates collected in Australia and Papua New-Guinea were also examined to clarify their taxonomic status (Table 1).


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Table 1. Aspergillus section Fumigati isolates used in this study.

 

Morphology and physiology
The strains (Table 1) were grown for 7 d as 3-point inoculations on Czapek agar, Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), oat meal agar (OA) and malt extract agar (MEA) plates at 25 °C, and on CYA at 37 °C. For Neosartorya species Hay infusion agar and SNA agar have also been used for inducing the anamorphs (medium compositions in Samson et al. 2004). In some species e.g. N. tatenoi the anamorph could only be produced when growing the cultures at 30 or 37 °C on MEA + 40 % sucrose.

Analysis for extrolites
Extrolites were analysed using the HPLC-diode array detection method of Frisvad & Thrane (1987, 1993) as modified by Smedsgaard (1997). Extrolites were analyzed from cultures grown on CYA, OA and YES agar using three agar plugs (Smedsgaard 1997).

Isolation and analysis of nucleic acids
Isolates used for the molecular studies were grown on 2 mL of malt peptone broth [10 % (v/v) malt extract (Brix 10) and 0.1 % (w/v) bacto peptone (Difco)], in 15 mL tubes. The cultures were incubated at 25 °C for 7 d. DNA was extracted from the cells using the MasterpureTM yeast DNA purification kit (Epicentre Biotechnol.) following the instructions of the manufacturer. Fragments containing the ITS region were amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 as described (White et al. 1990). Amplification of partial β-tubulin gene was performed using the primers Bt2a and Bt2b and methods of Glass & Donaldson (1995). Amplifications of the partial calmodulin and actin genes were as described (Hong et al. 2005, 2007). Sequencing reactions were performed with the Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit and carried out for both strands. All the sequencing reactions were purified by gel filtration through Sephadex G-50 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) equilibrated in double-distilled water and analyzed on the ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The complementary sequences were corrected with the MT Navigator software (Applied Biosystems). Unique ITS, β-tubulin, actin and calmodulin sequences were deposited in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) with accession numbers DQ534140 [GenBank] , DQ534141 [GenBank] and EU20279-EU220287.

Data analysis
Sequence alignments were performed using CLUSTAL-X (Thompson et al. 1997) and improved manually. The neighbour-joining (NJ) method was used for the phylogenetic analysis. For NJ analysis, the data were first analysed using the Tamura-Nei distance calculation with gamma-distributed substitution rates (Tamura & Nei 1993), which were then used to construct the NJ tree with MEGA v. 3.1 (Kumar et al. 2004). A bootstrap analysis was performed with 1 000 replications to determine the support for each clade,.

PAUP v. 4.0 b10 software was used for parsimony analysis (Swofford 2002). Alignment gaps were treated as a fifth character state and all characters were unordered and of equal weight. Maximum parsimony analysis was performed for all data sets using the heuristic search option with random addition order (100 reps) and tree bisection-reconnection (TBR) branch-swapping algorithm. Branches of zero length were collapsed and all multiple, equally parsimonious trees were saved. The robustness of the trees obtained was evaluated by 1 000 bootstrap replications (Hillis & Bull 1993). Sequences from an A. clavatus isolate were used as outgroups in these experiments.


    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 List of accepted species...
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 Morphological characteristics
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Phylogenetic analysis
We examined the phylogenetic relatedness of species belonging to Aspergillus section Fumigati using sequence analysis of partial β-tubulin, calmodulin and actin genes including sequences of all known species. ITS sequences were determined from the new species and the species most closely related to them in the β-tubulin tree. The partial β-tubulin gene alignment included 453 characters. Among the polymorphic sites, 102 were found to be phylogenetically informative. The Neighbour-joining tree based on partial β-tubulin genes sequences is shown in Fig. 1. The topology of the tree is the same as one of the 419 maximum parsimony trees constructed by the PAUP programME (length: 465 steps, consistency index: 0.6710, retention index: 0.6467). The calmodulin data set included 549 characters with 85 parsimony informative characters. The Neighbour-joining tree shown in Fig. 2 has the same topology as one of the 9 maximum parsimony trees (tree length: 323, consistency index: 0.7585, retention index: 0.6422). The actin data set included 390 characters with 104 parsimony informative characters. The Neighbour joining tree shown in Fig. 3 has the same topology as one of the 312 maximum parsimony trees (tree length: 397, consistency index: 0.6675, retention index: 0.7130). The ITS data set included 501 characters with 26 parsimony informative characters. The Neighbour joining tree shown in Fig. 4 has the same topology as one of the 57 maximum parsimony trees (tree length: 77, consistency index: 0.7532, retention index: 0.7765).


Figure 1
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Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining tree based on β-tubulin sequence data of Aspergillus section Fumigati. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.

 

Figure 2
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Fig. 2. Neighbour-joining tree based on calmodulin sequence data of Aspergillus section Fumigati. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.

 

Figure 3
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Fig. 3. Neighbour-joining tree based on actin sequence data of Aspergillus section Fumigati. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.

 

Figure 4
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Fig. 4. Neighbour-joining tree based on ITS sequence data of selected species of Aspergillus section Fumigati. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.

 
The four Neosartorya isolates representing new species were found to be different from all known species of Aspergillus section Fumigati based on either their β-tubulin, calmodulin or actin gene sequences. However, one of them (NRRL 4179) had identical ITS sequences with N. denticulata (Fig. 4). This isolate was found to be closely related to a clade including N. fennelliae and N. denticulata on all other trees.

Possible synonymies of some species described previously have also been examined during this study. Based on multilocus sequence analyses Hong et al. (2007) discussed the synonymy of N. botucatensis, N. paulistensis and N. takaki with N. spinosa (Raper & Fennell) Kozak. (1972). N. spinosa and the synonyms have roughly circular arrangements of projections on the ascospore convex walls. N. spinosa produces echinulate ascospores with spines ranging from < 0.5 µm up to 5(-7) µm long with verruculose and small triangular projections or sometimes with circularly arranged projections.

N. otanii Takada, Y. Horie & Abliz (2001) was described on the basis of its rapid growth on Czapek and malt extract agars, lenticular ascospores with two widely separated equatorial crests, tuberculate or lobate-reticulate convex surface, and globose to broadly ellipsoidal conidia with a microtuberculate wall. The morphology of N. otanii resembles N. fennelliae, although Takada et al. (2001) reported small differences of the ascospore ornamentation, which was not confirmed in our SEM studies. The β-tubulin gene sequences of N. otanii (GenBank accession numbers AB201363 [GenBank] and AB201362 [GenBank] ) were identical with N. fennelliae (KACC 42228) (Fig. 5A). These N. fennelliae isolates produced ascospores after mating with the N. fennelliae type strains (data not shown). N. otanii is probably synonymous with N. fennelliae, but mating experiments with N. fennelliae and N. otanii are needed for its confirmation. These experiments could not be carried out because the ex type cultures of N. otanii were not available.


Figure 5
Figure 5
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Fig. 5 A. Neighbour-joining tree based on β-tubulin sequences showing the relationship of N. otanii and N. fennelliae. B. Neighbour-joining trees based on β-tubulin, calmodulin and actin sequence data of Neosartorya spp. showing the relationship of N. primulina, N. quadricincta, N. tatenoi and N. delicata.

 

Neosartorya primulina Udagawa, Toyaz. & Tsub. (1993) was characterised by its restricted growth on Czapek agar, chalky-buff ascomata, and lenticular ascospores with a very irregular ornamentation composed of several narrow crests and verrucose hemispheres. The ascospore ornamentation and anamorph morphology resembles those of N. quadricincta. Furthermore, the ex type culture (CBS 253.94) of N. primulina showed nearly identical sequences with strains of N. quadricincta for β-tubulin, calmodulin and actin genes (Fig. 5B). N. primulina is reduced to synonymy with N. quadricincta.

Neosartorya delicata H.Z. Kong (1997) was described based on its ellipsoid or nearly clavate vesicles, and ascospores with conspicuous spines, joining one spine to another by fairly prominent ridges and reticulate ornamentation, the ridges spreading to the equatorial crests. This species has identical ascospore morphology with N. tatenoi (Fig. 36), and both taxa were clustered into a clade in three gene trees (99.6 % in β-tubulin, 98.5 % in calmodulin and 97.3 % in actin gene sequences) (Fig. 5B). Therefore, we consider N. delicata as a synonym of N. tatenoi.


Figure 36
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Fig. 36. Neosartorya tatenoi. A-B. Colonies 14 d 25 °C. A. MEA. B. OA. C-E. Ascomata. F-G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. I. SEM of ascospores. J-L. Conidiophores. M. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm, except D = 30 µm, E = 15 µm I = 1 µm.

 
Neosartorya nishimurae (Takada et al. 2001), N. indohii, N. tsurutae (Horie et al. 2003), N. takakii (Horie et al. 2001) and N. sublevispora (Someya et al. 1999) ex-type cultures were not available for this monograph of Aspergillus section Fumigati, and because we could not study them, they are listed as doubtful species.

Morphology and extrolite production
The atypical N. glabra isolate NRRL 4179 (Raper & Fennell 1965) produced asperfuran, aszonalenin, fumigaclavine, viridicatumtoxin, and fumigatins, extrolites common in N. fennelliae, but none of the extrolites produced by N. glabra. However, in contrast with the heterothallic N. fennelliae, this isolate is homothallic. It is closely related to N. denticulata based on phylogenetic analysis of sequence data, although their ascospore ornamentations are strikingly different (Figs. 21, 23). Ascospore ornamentation of NRRL 4179 is similar to that of the heterothallic N. fennelliae (Fig. 22) with equatorial crests much narrower, while N. denticulata has denticulate ascospores without equatorial crests. Isolate NRRL 4179 exhibited 72 % nuclear DNA relatedness to N. fennelliae and only 60 % relatedness to N. glabra isolates (Peterson 1992). This isolate also yielded different mtDNA and SmaI-digested repetitive DNA patterns from those of all the other Neosartorya strains examined (Rinyu et al. 2000). Hybridisation experiments were also carried out with Neurospora crassa mating type genes (the A idiomorph with about 6 kb flanking sequences, or the a idiomorph flanked by about 2 kb genomic DNA on either side) to the EcoRI digested DNA of several teleomorphic and asexual Aspergillus strains. Hybridisation to a 1.9 kb band was observed for both mating-type strains of N. fennelliae and isolate NRRL 4179 (Rinyu et al. 2000). Based on these observations, isolate NRRL 4179 seems to be closely related to N. fennelliae strains. These results are in agreement with those found using carbon source utilisation tests and isoenzyme analysis of these strains (Varga et al. 1997).


Figure 21
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Fig. 21. Neosartorya denticulata. A-B. Colonies 14 d 25 °C. A. OA. B. MEA. C-E. Ascomata. F-G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. I. SEM of ascospores. J-L. Conidiophores. M. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm, except D = 30 µm, E = 15 µm, I = 5 µm.

 

Figure 23
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Fig. 23. Neosartorya ferencii. A-B. Colonies 14 d 25 °C. A. OA. B. MEA. C-E. Ascomata. F-G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. I. SEM of ascospores. J-L. Conidiophores. M. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm, except D = 30 µm, E = 15 µm, I = 1 µm.

 

Figure 22
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Fig. 22. Neosartorya fennelliae. A-B. Colonies 14 d 25 °C. A. MEA. B-C. Crossing of mating types on MEA. D-E. Ascomata. F-G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. I. SEM of ascospores. J-L. Conidiophores. M. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm, except D = 30 µm, E = 15 µm, I = 1 µm.

 
Strain NRRL 35723 was isolated from soil in Australia, and produced compounds structurally related to wortmannin, aszonalenin, chromanols, tryptoquivalins and tryptoquivalons. This isolate was markedly different from all other known Neosartorya species in secreting a bluish pigment after 7 d incubation on MEA and CYA plates. The microtuberculate ascospore ornamentation of this isolate is similar to those of N. laciniosa, N. glabra and N. galapagensis (Hong et al. 2007). However, it grew more slowly on CYA than these species, and phylogenetic data also indicate that this isolate represents a new species.

CBS 112.55 was isolated from garden soil in Adelaide, Australia, and produced compounds similar to wortmannin and aszonalenin and some unique metabolites, while CBS 841.96 was isolated from Podocarpus bark in Papua New Guinea, and produced a compound related to wortmannins and some unique compounds the structures of which have not yet been elucidated (Table 2). The ascospore ornamentations of these isolates were microtuberculate, similarly to those of N. glabra and N. galapagensis. However, both isolates produced cream-coloured colonies on CYA in contrast with N. glabra which produces greyish green colonies. In phylogenetic analysis they were unrelated to any other Neosartorya species, justifying their treatment as new species. We propose four new homothallic and monotypic Neosartorya species; N. ferenczii (NRRL 4179), N. warcupii (NRRL 35723), N. australensis (CBS 112.55) and N. papuensis (CBS 841.96).


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Table 2. Extrolites produced by species assigned to Aspergillus section Fumigati.

 

Identification
Traditionally the identification of members of section Fumigati were done using the colony patterns and the morphology of the conidiogenous structures, conidia, ascomata and ascsopores. Ascospore ornamentation has been studied by Scanning electron microscopy, but our studies have shown that different species have similar ascospore shape and surface structure. Several species such A. fumigatus, A. novofumigatus, fumigatiaffinis, A. fumisynnematus and A. lentulus show strong morphological resemblance and in the lightmicroscope these species can be difficult to be separated. The anamorphs of Neosartorya udagawae and N. fennelliae also show a similar morphology. Therefore we recommend that for a correct species identification, sequence analysis should be carried out. Our experience with sequencing the calmodin and β-tubulin gen revealed good species delimitation and recognition. All sequences of the ex type cultures of section Fumigati are available from specialised databases and also from GenBank.


    List of accepted species belonging to Aspergillus section Fumigati
 TOP
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 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 List of accepted species...
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The list of known species of Neosartorya and anamorphic species from the section Fumigati (Horie et al. 2003; Hong et al. 2005, 2006, 2007) is still expanding. With the species proposed here, there are now 23 Neosartorya species (including four new taxa) and 10 Aspergillus species in this group, 33 species in total and they are illustrated below.

Strict anamorphic species:
Aspergillus brevipes Smith

Aspergillus duricaulis Raper & Fennell

Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis Hong, Frisvad & Samson

Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius

Aspergillus fumisynnematus Horie, Miyaji, Nishimura, Taguchi & Udagawa

Aspergillus lentulus Balajee & Marr

Aspergillus novofumigatus Hong, Frisvad & Samson

Aspergillus turcosus Hong, Frisvad & Samson

Aspergillus unilateralis Thrower

Aspergillus viridinutans Ducker & Thrower

Teleomorph species:
Neosartorya assulata Hong, Frisvad & Samson [anamorph: A. assulatus Hong, Frisvad & Samson]

Neosartorya aurata (Warcup) Malloch & Cain [anamorph: A. igneus Kozakiewicz]

Neosartorya aureola (Fennell & Raper) Malloch & Cain [anamorph: A. aureoluteus Samson & Gams]

Neosartorya australensis Samson, Hong & Varga, sp. nov.

Neosartorya coreana Hong, Frisvad & Samson [anamorph: A. coreanus Hong, Frisvad & Samson]

Neosartorya denticulata Samson, Hong & Frisvad [anamorph: A. denticulatus Samson, Hong & Frisvad]

Neosartorya fennelliae Kwon-Chung & Kim [anamorph: A. fennelliae Kwon-Chung & Kim]

Neosartorya ferenczii Varga & Samson, spec. nov.

Neosartorya fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch & Cain [anamorph: A. fischeranus Kozakiewicz]

Neosartorya galapagensis Frisvad, Hong & Samson [anamorph: A. galapagensis Frisvad, Hong & Samson]

Neosartorya glabra (Fennell & Raper) Kozakiewicz [anamorph: A. neoglaber Kozakiewicz]

Neosartorya hiratsukae Udagawa, Tsubouchi & Horie [anamorph: A. hiratsukae Udagawa, Tsubouchi & Horie]

Neosartorya laciniosa Hong, Frisvad & Samson [anamorph: A. laciniosus Hong, Frisvad & Samson]

Neosartorya multiplicata Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa [anamorph: A. muliplicatus Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa]

Neosartorya papuensis Samson, Hong & Varga, sp. nov.

Neosartorya pseudofischeri Peterson [anamorph: A. thermomutatus (Paden) Peterson]

Neosartorya quadricincta (Yuill) Malloch & Cain [anamorph: A. quadricingens Kozakiewicz]

Neosartorya spathulata Takada & Udagawa [anamorph: A. spathulatus Takada & Udagawa]

Neosartorya stramenia (Novak & Raper) Malloch & Cain [anamorph: A. paleaceus Samson & Gams]

Neosartorya tatenoi Horie, Miyaji, Yokoyama, Udagawa & Campos-Takagi [anamorph: A. tatenoi Horie, Miyaji, Yokoyama, Udagawa & Campos-Takagi]

Neosartorya udagawae Horie, Miyaji & Nishimura [anamorph: A. udagawae Horie, Miyaji & Nishimura]

Neosartorya warcupii Peterson, Varga & Samson, sp. nov.

Doubtful species:
Neosartorya sublevispora Someya, Yaguchi & Udagawa [anamorph: A. sublevisporus Someya, Yaguchi & Udagawa]

Neosartorya indohii Horie [anamorph: A. indohii Horie]

Neosartorya tsurutae Horie [anamorph: A. tsurutae Horie]

Neosartorya nishimurae Takada, Horie & Abliz [anamorph: A. nishimurae Takada, Horie & Abliz]

Aspergillus brevipes Smith, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 35: 241. 1952. Fig. 6.


Figure 6
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Fig. 6. Aspergillus brevipes. A-B. Colonies 7 d 25 °C. A. CYA. B. MEA. C-I. Conidiophores. J. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.

 
Type: CBS 467.91, from soil, New South Wales, Australia

Other no. of the type: ATCC 16899; CBS 118.53; IFO 5821; IMI 16034; IMI 51494; NRRL 2439; WB 4772 = IBT 22571; WB 4078 = IBT 22572


    Description
 TOP
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 List of accepted species...
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Description
 Morphological characteristics
 Morphological characteristics
 Morphological characteristics
 Morphological characteristics
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Colony diam (7 d): CYA25: 12-15 mm; MEA25: 30-34 mm; YES25: 23-25 mm; OA25: 28-33 mm; CYA37: 16-19 mm; CREA: weak growth, no acid production

Colony colour: purple red

Conidiation: abundant

Reverse colour (CZA): dull yellow turning to reddish brown

Colony texture: velutinous

Conidial head: short columnar

Stipe: 15-50 (-100) µm, occasionally septate, heavy walled

Vesicle diam, shape: 10-18 µm, pear shaped

Conidium size, shape, surface texture: 2.8-3.5 µm, globose, spinulose

Cultures examined: CBS 467.91; WB 4772; WB 4078; CBS 118.523 = IBT 3051, all from the same original source

Diagnostic features: short heavy walled stipes, finely spinulose conidia, purple red colony colour, coloured vesicles and phialides and dark blue conidia; characterised by its vesicles borne at an angle to the stipe, as in A. viridinutans and A. duricaulis

similar species: A. duricaulis

Distribution: Australia

Ecology and habitats: soil

Extrolites: Roquefortine C, cf. meleagrin, red metabolite (not structure elucidated)

Pathogenicity: not reported

Note: previous reports on viriditoxin production of A. brevipes (Weisleder & Lillehoj 1971; Cole & Cox 1981) were based on studies of a mixed culture of A. brevipes and A. viridinutans (Peterson SW, pers. comm.)

Aspergillus duricaulis Raper & Fennell, The genus Aspergillus, 249. 1965. Fig. 7.


Figure 7
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Fig. 7. Aspergillus duricaulis. A-B. Colonies 7 d 25 °C. A. CYA. B. MEA. C-H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.

 
Type: CBS 481.65, from soil, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Other no. of the type: ATCC 16900; IMI 172282; JCM 01735; IBT 23177; NRRL 4021; VKM F-3572; WB 4021


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Colony diam (7 d): CYA25: 21-25 mm; MEA25: 20-22 m; YES25: 40-44 mm; OA25: 40-44 mm, CYA37: 21-25 mm, CREA: poor growth, no acid production

Colony colour: lily green to slate olive

Conidiation: heavy in central areas

Reverse colour (CZA): colourless to pinkish drab

Colony texture: velutinous

Conidial head: loosely columnar

Stipe: 5-50 x 3.5-5.5 µm, smooth thick walled

Vesicle diam, shape: 7-14 µm, flask shaped

Conidium size, shape, surface texture: (2.8-)3-3.3(-3.3) µm, globose, echinulate

Cultures examined: IMI 172282 = IBT 23177; CBS 481.65

Diagnostic features: echinulate conidia and weakly coloured reverse on CYA distinguish it from other anamorphic species

Similar species: A. brevipes

Distribution: Argentina

Ecology and habitats: soil

Extrolites: pseurotin A, fumagillin (found here), asperpentyn (Muhlenfeld & Achenbach 1988), duricaulic acid and asperdurin (Achenbach et al. 1985a), phthalides and chromanols (Achenbach et al. 1982a, 1985b), cyclopaldic acid and 3-O-methylcyclopolic acid (Brillinger et al. 1978; Achenbach et al. 1982b)

Pathogenicity: not reported

Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Mycologia 97: 1326. 2005. Fig. 8.


Figure 8
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Fig. 8. Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis. A-C. Colonies 7 d 25 °C. A. CYA. B. MEA 25 °C. C. MEA 37 °C. D-H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.

 
Type: CBS 117186, from soil, Socorro County, Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, U.S.A..

Other no. of the type: KACC 41148; IBT 12703


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Colony diam (7 d): CYA25: 46-49 mm; MEA25: 53-60 mm; YES25: 67-74; CYA37: 65-70; CREA: weak griowth, good acid production

Colony colour: white, with center dull green

Conidiation: limited

Reverse colour (CZA): yellowish to greyish orange

Colony texture: floccose

Conidial head: short columnar

Stipe: 6-8 µm in diam.

Vesicle diam, shape: 18-24 µm, globose-subglobose

Conidium size, shape, surface texture: 2-3 µm, globose-subglobose, smooth

Diagnostic features: has comparatively small (sub)globose vesicles (16-24 µm); able to grow at 10 °C, and unable to grow at 50 °C

Similar species: A. fumigatus, A. lentulus, A. novofumigatus, A. fumigatiaffinis

Distribution: U.S.A., Spain

Ecology and habitats: kangaroo rat, soil, human

Extrolites: auranthine, cycloechinuline, fumigaclavines, helvolic acid, neosartorin, palitantin, pyripyropenes A, E, O & S, tryptoquivaline, tryptoquivalone

Pathogenicity: pathogenic to humans (Alcazar-Fuoli et al. 2007)

Note: exhibits high MICs to amphotericin B and several triazoles (Alcazar-Fuoli et al. 2007)

Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Beitr. Mykol. 81: 18. 1863. Fig. 9.


Figure 9
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Fig. 9. Aspergillus fumigatus. A-C. Colonies 7 d 25 °C. A. CYA. B. MEA. C. CYA 37 °C. after 3 d. D-I. Conidiophores. D-F. A. fumigatus. G-H. A. fumigatus var. ellipticus. I. Atypical conidiophore of CBS 133.61. J. Conidia of A. fumigatus var. ellipticus. K. Conidia of A. fumigatus. Scale bars = 10 µm.

 

Type: IMI 016152, from chicken lung, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Other no. of the type: Thom 118; QM 1981; WB 163; CBS 133.61; NRRL 163; ATCC 1022; LSHB Ac71; NCTC 982; KACC 41143


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Colony diam (7 d): CYA25: 21-67 mm; MEA25: 25-69 mm; YES25: 48-74 mm; OA25: 34-62 mm, CYA37: 60-75 mm, CREA: poor growth, no or very weak acid production

Colour: greyish turquoise or dark turquoise to dark green to dull green

Conidiation: abundant, rarely less abundant

Reverse colour (CYA): creamy, yellow to orange

Colony texture: velutinous, st. floccose (define the abreviation st.)

Conidial head: columnar

Stipe: 50-350 x 3.5-10 µm

Vesicle diam, shape: 10-26 µm, pyriform to subclavate, sometimes subglobose, but rarely globose

Conidia length, shape, surface texture: 2-3.5(-6) µm, globose to ellipsoidal, smooth to finely rough

Cultures examined: ATCC 32722, AF71, AF 293, AF294, CBS 112389, CBS 487.65, CBS 133.61, CBS 545.65, CBS 457.75, CBS 542.75, CBS 113.26, CBS 110.46, CBS 120.53, CBS 132,54, CBS 123.59, CBS 158.71, CBS 180.76, CBS 143.89, CBS 148.89, CBS 488.90, CBS 287.95, CBS 100076, CBS 109032, CBS 386.75, CBS 286.95, CEA10, IMI 376380, NRRL 1979

Diagnostic features: Rapid growing velutinous colonies, abundant and fast conidiation, thick stipe (ca. 6-10 um), large pyriform to semi-clavate vesicle is representative morphological features of the species. However, the characteristics are various according to strains, and some stains have exceptional characteristics. The species grows at 50 °C, no growth at 10 °C.

Similar species: A. fumigatiaffinis, A. fumisynnematus, A. lentulus, A. novofumigatus, A. viridinutans.

Distribution: Worldwide distribution, cosmopolitan fungus (Pringle et al. 2005)

Ecology and habitats: soil, human

Extrolites: fumagillin, fumitoxins, fumigaclavines A & C, fumitremorgins, fumiquinazolines, gliotoxin, helvolic acid, pseurotins, pyripyropens, methyl-sulochrin, trypacidin, verruculogen

Pathogenicity: pathogenic to humans (Raper & Fennell 1965; Marr et al. 2002)

Note: no growth at 10 °C, growth at 50 °C; some isolates carry dsRNA mycoviruses (Anderson et al. 1996)

Aspergillus fumisynnematus Horie, Miyaji, Nishimura, Taguchi et Udagawa, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan: 34: 3-7. 1993. Fig. 10.


Figure 10
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Fig. 10. Aspergillus fumisynnematus. A-B. Colonies 7 d 25 °C. A. CYA. B. MEA. C-H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.

 
Type: IFM 42277, from soil, Sabaneta, Coro City, Falcon State, Venezuela


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