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Stud Mycol 64(1): 123-1337 2009
DOI: 10.3114/sim.2009.64.06
Copyright © 2009 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre
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Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes

C. Ruibal1,*, C. Gueidan2, L. Selbmann3, A.A. Gorbushina4, P.W. Crous2, J.Z. Groenewald2, L. Muggia5, M. Grube5, D. Isola3, C.L. Schoch6, J.T. Staley7, F. Lutzoni8 and G.S. de Hoog2

1 Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
2 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands
3 DECOS, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, Viterbo, Italy
4 Free University of Berlin and Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Department IV "Materials and Environment", Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
5 Institute für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
6 NCBI/NLM/NIH, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, U.S.A.
7 Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle WA 98195, U.S.A.
8 Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham NC 27708, U.S.A.

* Correspondence: Constantino Ruibal, tinoruibal{at}yahoo.com

The class Dothideomycetes (along with Eurotiomycetes) includes numerous rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF), a group of ascomycetes that tolerates surprisingly well harsh conditions prevailing on rock surfaces. Despite their convergent morphology and physiology, RIF are phylogenetically highly diverse in Dothideomycetes. However, the positions of main groups of RIF in this class remain unclear due to the lack of a strong phylogenetic framework. Moreover, connections between rock-dwelling habit and other lifestyles found in Dothideomycetes such as plant pathogens, saprobes and lichen-forming fungi are still unexplored. Based on multigene phylogenetic analyses, we report that RIF belong to Capnodiales (particularly to the family Teratosphaeriaceae s.l.), Dothideales, Pleosporales, and Myriangiales, as well as some uncharacterised groups with affinities to Dothideomycetes. Moreover, one lineage consisting exclusively of RIF proved to be closely related to Arthoniomycetes, the sister class of Dothideomycetes. The broad phylogenetic amplitude of RIF in Dothideomycetes suggests that total species richness in this class remains underestimated. Composition of some RIF-rich lineages suggests that rock surfaces are reservoirs for plant-associated fungi or saprobes, although other data also agree with rocks as a primary substrate for ancient fungal lineages. According to the current sampling, long distance dispersal seems to be common for RIF. Dothideomycetes lineages comprising lichens also include RIF, suggesting a possible link between rock-dwelling habit and lichenisation.

Keywords Arthoniomycetes / Capnodiales / Dothideomycetes / evolution / extremotolerance / multigene phylogeny / rock-inhabiting fungi




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