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Stud Mycol 61(1): 137-144 2008
DOI: 10.3114/sim.2008.61.14
Copyright © 2008 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre
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Environmental isolation of black yeast-like fungi involved in human infection

V.A. Vicente1, D. Attili-Angelis2, M.R. Pie3, F. Queiroz-Telles4, L.M. Cruz5, M.J. Najafzadeh6, G.S. de Hoog6,*, J. Zhao7 and A. Pizzirani-Kleiner8

1 Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
2 UNESP Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
3 Zoology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
4 Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
5 Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
6 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam the Netherlands
7 Department of Dermatology, Fujian Medical University Affiliated Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
8 "Luiz de Queiroz" Superior College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba SP, Brazil

* Correspondence: G.S. de Hoog, de.hoog{at}cbs.knaw.nl

The present study focuses on potential agents of chromoblastomycosis and other endemic diseases in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. Using a highly selective protocol for chaetothyrialean black yeasts and relatives, environmental samples from the living area of symptomatic patients were analysed. Additional strains were isolated from creosote-treated wood and hydrocarbon-polluted environments, as such polluted sites have been supposed to enhance black yeast prevalence. Isolates showed morphologies compatible with the traditional etiological agents of chromoblastomycosis, e.g. Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Phialophora verrucosa, and of agents of subcutaneous or systemic infections like Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala jeanselmei. Some agents of mild disease were indeed encountered. However, molecular analysis proved that most environmental strains differed from known etiologic agents of pronounced disease syndromes: they belonged to the same order, but mostly were undescribed species. Agents of chromoblastomycosis and systemic disease thus far are prevalent on the human host. The hydrocarbon-polluted environments yielded yet another spectrum of chaetothyrialean fungi. These observations are of great relevance because they allow us to distinguish between categories of opportunists, indicating possible differences in pathogenicity and virulence.

Keywords Black yeasts / Chaetothyriales / chromoblastomycosis / enrichment / environmental isolation / opportunists / phaeohyphomycosis / virulence






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